Anatomy Midterm

Front 1

Describe the three components of blood

Back 1

1. erythrocytes (about 44%)
2. Buffy coat- composed of leukocytes and platelets (less the 1%)
3. plasma (55%)

Front 2

Erythrocytes

Back 2

Transport Oxygena nd Carbon Dioxide, red blood cells

Front 3

leukocytes

Back 3

(white blood cells, WBC’s)
Prepare immune response and defend against antigens

Front 4

plasma

Back 4

a complex liquid that makes up 55% of blood

Front 5

List 4 functions of plasma proteins.

Back 5

1. albumins (regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid, act as transport proteins)
2. globulins (gamma – antibodies, alpha & beta- transport of molecules)
3.fibrinogen (help in blood clotting)
4. regulatory proteins (enzymes, hormones)

Front 6

Describe the structure of an erythrocyte.

Back 6

Flat, disc shaped cells with an indentation flexible and thin and their shape gives them a large surface area, filled with ~280 million red-pigmented protein called hemoglobin

Front 7

How do red blood cells carry oxygen?

Back 7

hemoglobin (Hb), consists of 4 polypeptide chains (globins) and four nonprotein heme groups (containing an iron atom). each hemoglobin molecule has four iron ions ans is capable of binding to 4 O2 molecules.

Front 8

Which chemical element allows red blood cells to carry oxygen

Back 8

Iron

Front 9

With regard to RBC’s, why is carbon monoxide poisonous?

Back 9

Carbon monoxide binds very strongly to the iron atoms in hemoglobin, the principal oxygen-carrying compound in blood. The affinity between CO and hemoglobin is 200 times stronger than the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen. When CO binds to the hemoglobin it cannot be released nearly as readily as oxygen would be. The preferential binding of carbon monoxide to heme iron is the main reason for carbon monoxide poisoning.

Front 10

What organ removes old RBC’s

Back 10

Spleen and Liver

Front 11

What is blood doping

Back 11

Some athletes go so far as to store their RBC’s and have them reinjected later

Front 12

Describe how training at high altitude could lead to an increase in the athletes’ hematocrit?

Back 12

A reduced blood oxygen level leads to an increase in the number of erythrocytes (to carry more oxygen). Athletes often train at high altitudes (where oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere are lower) to cause the kidneys to release a hormone, erythropoietin, which results in an increase in erythropoeisis.

Front 13

What hormone stimulates RBC formation?

Back 13

erythropoietin

Front 14

From what organ is erythropoietin released?

Back 14

kidneys

Front 15

List 3 causes of anemia.

Back 15

1. defective red bone marrow
2. toxins, poisons, radiation
3. genetic defect
4. defect in iron uptake
5. blood loss

Front 16

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Back 16

Person inherits two copies of the sickle-cell gene (from each parent.) Erythrocytes (RBC) are sickle-shaped making them unable to efficiently travel through blood vessels to the bodies tissue and RBC are more prone to hemolysis (destrucive rupturing of RBC)

Front 17

What is polycythemia?

Back 17

the condition of having too many RBC; same blood volume, blood becomes thick and viscous; strains heart.

Front 18

How does polycythemia differ from leukemia?

Back 18

leukemia is the the cancer of leukocyte-forming cells (WBC)

Front 19

Neutrophils

Back 19

One type of polymorphonuclear granulocytes.
Granules stain in neutral conditions
First cells on the scene of bacterial infections
60-70% of total # of leukocytes
Phagocytic cells that eat bacteria and debris
During a bacterial infection, the number of neutrophils increases
Old neutrophils die and form pus

Front 20

Eosinophils

Back 20

Polymorphonuclear granulocyte
Granules stain well with eosin, a pink to red stain
4-6% of the total # of leukocytes
A high eosinophil count means an allergic reaction is occurring
Secretes substances that can kill pathogens, particularly parasites.

Front 21

Basophils

Back 21

Polymorphonuclear granulocyte
Granules stain well in basic conditions (dark blue or purple granules)
0.5-1% of total # of leukocytes
Releases histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions
Can become other types of cells such as Mast Cells

Front 22

Lymphocytes

Back 22

mononuclear agranulocytes.
Smallest of the leukocytes with a large spherical nucleus.
20-25% of the total # of leukocytes
Reside in lymphatic organs and structures.
3 types:
T-lymphocytes: mature in the thymus and directly attack foreign and virus-infected cells
B-lymphocyte: produce antibodies (proteins that bind to specific foreign material (e.g. bacteria and viruses) and mark them for destruction by other leukocytes)
NK cells: attack abnormal and infected cells

Front 23

Monocytes

Back 23

mononuclear agranulocytes
Have an oval, kidney shaped nucleus.
3-8% of total # of leukocytes
Produced in the bone marrow and then travel to various tissue to mature into macrophages that phagocytize bacteria and debris

Front 24

What is the mediastinum

Back 24

The median space in the thoracic cavity containing the heart, thymun, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.

Front 25

Where is the base and apex of the heart?

Back 25

the posterosuperior surface of the heart
the heart is tilted so that the anteroinferior apex of the heart points to the lower left quadrant
12. Be able to identify the fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (parietal layer, visceral layer) and pericardial cavity.
fibrous pericardium: tough, dense connective tissue layer that anchors the heart to the diaphragm and great vessels
parietal pericardium: serous membrane that produces serous (pericardial fluid) and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
visceral pericardium (epicardium): serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart and is continuous with the parietal pericardium.
pericardial cavity: space between the parietal and visceral pericardium

Front 26

fibrous pericardium

Back 26

tough, dense connective tissue layer that anchors the heart to the diaphragm and great vessels

Front 27

parietal pericardium:

Back 27

serous membrane that produces serous (pericardial fluid) and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Front 28

visceral pericardium

Back 28

(epicardium): serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart and is continuous with the parietal pericardium.

Front 29

pericardial cavity

Back 29

space between the parietal and visceral pericardium

Front 30

Name the 3 layers of the heart wall (list both layers of the pericardium as one layer).

Back 30

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Front 31

Which layer of the heart wall secretes fluid?

Back 31

Epicardium

Front 32

Beginning at the right atrium, list the path through the heart, pulmonary and systemic circuits that a RBC would take to complete both circuits

Back 32

From the head, trunk and extremities, blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae. The coronary sinus from the heart itself to the right atrium. The right atrium pumps blood through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid = 3 flaps) valve to the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, blood flows through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and then the pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood). In the lungs the blood becomes more red in color as it its oxygenated. Blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood) to the left atrium. The left atrium pumps blood through the left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve to the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, blood flows through the aortic semilunar valve to the arch of the aorta and the descending aorta and out to the systemic arteries of the body. These arteries pass the blood to capillaries where the tissues of the body use the oxygen from the blood for aerobic cell r

Front 33

Which part of the conducting system normally sets the heart rate? Why?

Back 33

SA (sinoatrial) node: these specialized cells are located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava and generate the autorhythmic signal. The “pacemaker,” the rhythmic center establishes the pace for cardiac activity

Front 34

How does systole differ from diastole?

Back 34

systole: the contraction of the heart muscle; forces blood to move
diastole: relaxing (dilation) of each chamber allowing the chamber to fill

Front 35

Why is the AV delay important for normal functioning of the heart?

Back 35

This delay in the cardiac pulse is extremely important: It ensures that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles first before the ventricles contract.
atrial systole: contraction of the atria, and filling of the ventricles