Anatomy Midterm 2

Front 1

Eyelids (palpebrae) separated by____

Back 1

palpebral fissure

Front 2

Reddish elevation at the medial canthus (meeting of eyelids)

Back 2

Lacrimal caruncle

Front 3

Connective tissue within the eyelids

Back 3

Tarsal plates

Front 4

Modified sebaceous glands in the eye

Back 4

Tarsal glands

Front 5

Three parts of conjunctiva

Back 5

Palpebral conjunctiva (superior), bulbar conjunctiva (inferior), conjunctival sac

Front 6

Lacrimal apparatus function

Back 6

Keeps the surface of the eye moist

Front 7

Produces lacrimal fluid

Back 7

Lacrimal gland

Front 8

Fluid empties into nasal cavity

Back 8

Lacrimal sac

Front 9

The extrinsic eye muscles _______ on the outer surface of the eyeball and ______ in the walls of the orbit

Back 9

insert, originate

Front 10

Origin of the four rectus muscles

Back 10

Annular ring

Front 11

Lateral rectus action and cranial nerve

Back 11

Moves eye laterally, VI (abducens)

Front 12

Medial rectus action and cranial nerve

Back 12

Moves eye medially, III (oculomotor)

Front 13

Superior rectus action and cranial nerve

Back 13

Elevates eye and turns it medially, III (oculomotor)

Front 14

Inferior rectus action and cranial nerve

Back 14

Depresses eye and turns it medially, III (oculomotor)

Front 15

Inferior oblique action and cranial nerve

Back 15

Elevates eye and turns it laterally, III (oculomotor)

Front 16

Superior oblique action and cranial nerve

Back 16

Depresses eye and turns it laterally, IV (trochlear)

Front 17

Most anterior and posterior part of the eye

Back 17

Anterior pole and posterior pole

Front 18

Most external layer of the eyeball

Back 18

Fibrous tunic

Front 19

Two regions of fibrous tunic of eyeball

Back 19

Sclera (posterior 5/6) and cornea (anterior 1/6)

Front 20

Junction between sclera and cornea

Back 20

Limbus

Front 21

Allows aqueous humor to drain

Back 21

Scleral venous sinus

Front 22

The middle coat of the eyeball

Back 22

The vascular layer

Front 23

Three parts of vascular layer

Back 23

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

Front 24

Choroid description/function

Back 24

Vascular, darkly pigmented (from melanocytes) membrane, posterior 5/6 of vascular tunic, prevents scattering of light rays within the eye, corresponds to the arachnoid and pia maters

Front 25

Ciliary body description

Back 25

thickened ring of tissue which encircles the lens composed of ciliary muscle

Front 26

Two types of ciliary muscle

Back 26

Ciliary processes (posterior surface of the ciliary body) and ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament, attached around entire circumference of the lens)

Front 27

Description of the Iris

Back 27

Visible colored part of the eye, attached to the ciliary body, composed of smooth muscle

Front 28

The _______ muscle contracts to decrease the size of the pupil and the ________ muscle contracts to increase the size of the pupil

Back 28

Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

Front 29

Protective response of pupil constriction when a bright light is flashed in the eye

Back 29

pupillary light reflex

Front 30

The deepest tunic

Back 30

retina

Front 31

Two layers of retina

Back 31

Pigmented layer and neural layer

Front 32

Pigmented layer has a _________ layer of _________ cells

Back 32

single, melanocytes

Front 33

Neural layer is a sheet of _________ tissue that contains three main types of neurons: ________, ________, and __________ cells

Back 33

nervous, photoreceptor, bipolar, ganglion

Front 34

Light signal pathway

Back 34

Photoreceptor cells signal bipolar cells signal ganglion cells to generate nerve impulses that converge posteriorly to form the optic nerve

Front 35

Rod cells are ______ sensitive to light than cone cells

Back 35

more

Front 36

The _______ segments of cones and rods regenerate

Back 36

distal

Front 37

Specialized region of the retina containing mostly cones

Back 37

Macula lutea

Front 38

Specialized region of the retina containing only cones

Back 38

Fovea centralis

Front 39

Blind spot containing no photoreceptors

Back 39

Optic disc, where optic nerve leaves eye

Front 40

Posterior segment (cavity) filled with ________, a jellylike substance that transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens, and maintains intraocular pressure

Back 40

vitreous humor

Front 41

Anterior segment, divided into anterior chamber, which is between the _______ and the _______, and the posterior chamber between the __________ and the _________

Back 41

cornea, iris, iris, lens

Front 42

Anterior segment is filled with _________, which is renewed continuously, formed as a blood filtrate, and supplies nutrients to the the lens and cornea

Back 42

aqueous humor

Front 43

The _______ is a thick, transparent, biconvex disc held in place by its ciliary zonule

Back 43

the lens

Front 44

Covers the anterior surface of the lens

Back 44

Lens epithelium

Front 45

Lens _____ form the bulk of the lens

Back 45

fibers

Front 46

The lens, cornea and humors are light bending structures called ____________

Back 46

refractory media

Front 47

The adjustable curvature of the lens

Back 47

accomodation

Front 48

Sympathetic input _______ the ciliary muscle, which _______ the ciliary zonule and ______ the lens, bettering ________ vision

Back 48

relaxes, tightens, flattens, distance

Front 49

Parasympathetic input _______ the ciliary muscle, which _______ the ciliary zonule and ______ the lens, bettering ________ vision

Back 49

contracts, loosens, buldges, close

Front 50

Myopia

Back 50

Lens is bulbous so distance sight is blurry (nearsighted)

Front 51

Hyperopia

Back 51

Lens is flattened so close up vision is blurry (farsighted)

Front 52

Outer (external) ear composed of the:

Back 52

Auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus (hairs, sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands) and tympanic membrane

Front 53

The middle ear is composed of the:

Back 53

tympanic cavity (small air-filled space), medial wall penetrated by the oval and round windows, and the pharyngotympanic tube (links the middle ear and pharynx)

Front 54

The three ear ossicles are the

Back 54

Malleus (hammer), incus and stapes (stirrup), which vibrates against the oval window

Front 55

Two tiny skeletal muscles in the middle ear cavity that help regulate sound intensity

Back 55

Tensor tympani and stapedius

Front 56

In the internal ear, the bony labryinth is a cavity consisting of three parts, the...

Back 56

semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

Front 57

The membranous labyrinth is a series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit with the bony labyrinth, consisting of three main parts...

Back 57

semicircular ducts, utricle and saccule, and cochlear duct

Front 58

The membranous labyrinth is filled with _________ and the bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, which is continuous with CSF

Back 58

endolymph, perilymph

Front 59

The cochlea coils around a pillar of bone called the ________

Back 59

modiolus

Front 60

The _________ is a spiral of bone in the modiolus

Back 60

Spiral lamina

Front 61

The ____________ (scala media) contains receptors for hearing

Back 61

cochlear duct

Front 62

The receptor epithelium for hearing is called the __________, and consists of the ______ and _______ hair cells

Back 62

spiral organ, inner, outer

Front 63

The receptors that transmit vibrations of the basilar membrane are the ________ hair cells, while the receptors that actively tune the cochlea and amplify the signal are the ________ hair cells

Back 63

inner, outer

Front 64

The ________ is the range of pitches we can hear

Back 64

length of cochlear duct

Front 65

Sounds below our frequency range travel through the _______ and out the _______ window

Back 65

helicotrema, round

Front 66

The ________ and _________ are two egg-shaped parts of the membranous labyrinth suspended in _______ that house the __________, a spot of sensory epithelium, and detects ______________

Back 66

utricle and saccule, perilymph, macula, static equilibrium

Front 67

Function of the macula

Back 67

Contains receptor cells that monitor the position of the head when the head is still, contains columnar supporting cells, receptor cells called hair cells that synapse with the vestibular nerve

Front 68

Tips of hair cells in macula embedded in _______ membrane containing calcium carbonate crystals called _________

Back 68

otolith, otoliths

Front 69

The semicircular canals are involved in detecting ____________

Back 69

dynamic equilibrium

Front 70

The ___________ and ____________ semicircular canals lie in the vertical plane at right angles, and the ____________ semicircular canal lies in the horizontal plane

Back 70

anterior, posterior, lateral

Front 71

The __________ is located with the bony ampulla and houses a structure called a _____________, which contain receptor cells of rotational acceleration

Back 71

membranous ampulla, crista ampullaris

Front 72

Meniere's syndrome

Back 72

equilibrium is greatly disturbed due to excessive amounts of endolymph in the membranous labyrinth

Front 73

Sound vibrations cannot be conducted to the inner ear (ruptured membranes)

Back 73

Conduction deafness

Front 74

Damage to any part of the auditory pathway results in

Back 74

Sensorineural deafness

Front 75

Taste and smell receptors are classified as _______

Back 75

chemoreceptors

Front 76

Two types of papillae (taste buds)

Back 76

fungiform papillae and vallate papillae

Front 77

Taste buds contain two major cell types, _________ epithelial cells that support, and __________ epithelial cells that are gustatory, contain long microvilli, replaced every 7-10 days

Back 77

gustatory, basal

Front 78

Five tastes

Back 78

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

Front 79

Taste travels mostly through cranial nerves

Back 79

VII (facial) and glossopharyngeal (IX), but also X (vagus)

Front 80

Olfactory epithelium is ______ and contains these three cell types:

Back 80

pseudostratified columnar, olfactory sensory neurons, supporting epithelial cells, and olfactory stem cells

Front 81

Pure endocrine organs:

Back 81

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal glands

Front 82

Organs containing a large proportion of endocrine cells

Back 82

Pancreas, thymus, gonads, hypothalamus

Front 83

Organs containing some endocrine cells

Back 83

Heart, digestive tract, kidneys, skin

Front 84

Three main types of hormone secretion triggers and examples

Back 84

Humoral (changing ion or nutrient levels in blood, PTH from calcium), Neural (nerve fibers, NE from adrenal medulla), and Hormonal (received from other glands, hypothalamus->pituitary->other gland)

Front 85

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus through the _______________ and secretes ______ major hormones

Back 85

infundibulum, nine

Front 86

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes these four tropic hormones (regulate other glands) and these three hormones which act directly on non-endocrine targets

Back 86

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

GH, PRL, MSH

Front 87

Signals thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

Back 87

TSH

Front 88

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help cope with stress

Back 88

ACTH

Front 89

Gonadotropins

Back 89

FSH and LH

Front 90

Where is growth hormone produced?

Back 90

somatotropic cells

Front 91

Growth hormone stimulates growth through __________ and ___________, also using the liver's secreting of ____________

Back 91

Protein production, growth of epiphyseal plates, and IGF-1

Front 92

Function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Back 92

appetite suppression

Front 93

Targets milk-producing glands in the breast

Back 93

Prolactin

Front 94

The _______ controls secretion of the anterior lobe hormones by secreting ____________ and __________ hormones

Back 94

hypothalamus, releasing, inhibiting

Front 95

Pathway of releasing hormones

Back 95

Secreted like neurotransmitters, enter primary capillary plexus, travel through hypophyseal portal veins to a secondary capillary plexus

Front 96

The posterior pituitary lobe stores and releases these two hormones made in the hypothalamus:

Back 96

ADH and oxytocin

Front 97

Targets kidneys to reabsorb water

Back 97

ADH (vasopressin)

Front 98

induces smooth muscle contraction of reproductive organs, ejects milk during breast-feeding, signals contraction of the uterus during childbirth

Back 98

oxytocin

Front 99

Two hormones produced by thyroid gland

Back 99

Thyroid hormone and calcitonin

Front 100

Location and hormones of parathyroid glands

Back 100

posterior surface of the thyroid gland, PTH (increases blood Ca)

Front 101

Two endocrine glands of adrenal gland

Back 101

Adrenal medulla (cluster of neurons, part of sympathetic nervous system) and adrenal cortex

Front 102

The cells that secrete amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are...

Back 102

medullary chromaffin cells

Front 103

Three layers of adrenal cortex

Back 103

Zona glomerulosa (spherical clusters), zona fasciculata (parallel cords) and zona reticularis (branching network)

Front 104

Hormones of the adrenal cortex are called _________ and are divided into the two main classes of __________ and ____________

Back 104

Corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Front 105

Aldosterone is a _________ and is secreted by the _____________ in response to an increase/decrease in blood volume or pressure

Back 105

mineralocorticoid, zona glomerulosa, decrease

Front 106

Main glucocorticoid and where its secreted from

Back 106

Cortisol, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

Front 107

Short term stress response:

Back 107

Hypothalamus sends nerve impulse to sinal cord, which connects to adrenal medulla through preganglionic sympathetic fibers, which releases amino-acid based catecholamines

Front 108

Long term stress response:

Back 108

Hypothalamus secretes CRH, stimulates anterior pituitary to release ACTH, signals adrenal cortex to secrete mineralocorticoids (ADH to increase blood volume and blood pressure) and glucocorticoids (to release glucose from porteins and fats, and suppress immune system)

Front 109

The pineal gland is located on the roof of the ____________ and secretes _________

Back 109

melatonin

Front 110

Function of melatonin

Back 110

Regulate circadian rhythms

Front 111

The pancreas contains exocrine cells like _________ and endocrine cells like ___________

Back 111

acinar cells (digestive enzymes) and pancreatic islets

Front 112

Main endocrine cell types:

Back 112

alpha (glucagon), beta (insulin), delta (somatostatin, inhibits alpha and beta cells), and F or PP (pancreatic polypeptide, also inhibitory of exocrine activity)

Front 113

Location and function of thymus gland

Back 113

lower neck/anterior thorax, important immune organ, transformation of lymphocytes

Front 114

Which cells secrete male androgens (primarily testosterone)?

Back 114

Interstitial cells of male gonads

Front 115

These cells secrete female androgens and these cells convert them to estrogen

Back 115

Theta folliculi, follicular granulosa

Front 116

Hormone the heart secretes

Back 116

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), opposes ADH

Front 117

Endocrine cells of GI tract and function

Back 117

Enteroendocrine cells, satiety and gut motility

Front 118

Hormone of the placenta

Back 118

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Front 119

Cells in _______ of the kidney secrete_________, and the endothelial and interstitial cells secrete

Back 119

juxtaglomerular complex (JGA), renin, erythropoietin

Front 120

Function of renin:

Back 120

detects pressure in renule tubules (shows blood pressure), increases blood pressure by adding mineralites to blood which brings H20

Front 121

The skin secretes modified cholesterol molecules which convert to

Back 121

Vitamin D

Front 122

Gigantism is caused by a

Back 122

hypersecretion of GH

Front 123

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by a

Back 123

hyposecretion of GH

Front 124

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

Back 124

pars nervosa does not make enough ADH, PU/PD (polyuria/polydypsia)

Front 125

Grave's disease

Back 125

hyperthyroidism, oversecretion of TH by follicle cells, bulging eyes, nervousness, weight loss, sweating and rapid heart rate

Front 126

Myxedema

Back 126

Adult hypothyroidism, antibodies attack and destroy thyroid tissue, low metabolic rate

Front 127

Endemic Goiter

Back 127

Lack of iodine in diet, which is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone

Front 128

Cretinism

Back 128

Hypothyroidism in children, mental retardation and thick tongue

Front 129

Cushing's syndrome

Back 129

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones, mostly cortisol, causes weight gain?

Front 130

Addison's disease

Back 130

Hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, deficiencies in both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, problems utilizing glucose, not enough aldosterone, low blood pressure, emaciated look, JFK