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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lay Term: Head
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Anatomical Term: Cephalic
Regions to Know: Frontal, Temporal, Buccal, Occipital, Nasal, Oral, Orbital |
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Lay Term: Neck
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Anatomical Term: Cervical Area
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Lay Term: Back, Nape of neck
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Anatomical Term: Nuchal region
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Lay Term: Trunk
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Anatomical Term: Truncus
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Lay Term: Chest
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Anatomical Term: Thorax
Regions of Thorax: Pectoral Region, Axillary Region, Scapular and Interscapular regions, sternal region |
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Lay Term: Abdomen
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Anatomical Term: Abdomen
Regions of the Abdomen: Right and Left Upper quadrants, right and left lower quadrants |
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Lay Term: Pelvic Region
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Anatomical Term: Pelvic Region (below abdomen)
Regions of the Pelvis: pubic area, inguinal area, perineal area, gluteal area |
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Lay Term: Arm
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Anatomical Term: Upper Limb
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Lay Term: Shoulder
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Anatomical Term: Acromion
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L: Armpit
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A: Axillary region/axilla
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L: Arm
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A: Brachium/Brachial
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L: Front of Elbow
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A: Cubital region
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L: Back of Elbow
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A: Posterior Cubital/Olecranon region
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L: Forearm
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A: antebrachium/antebrachia
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L: hand
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A: manus
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L: wrist
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A: carpal region
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L: thumb
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A: Pollex, digit 1
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L: fingers
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A: digits 2, 3, 4, 5
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L: Leg
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A: Lower Limb
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L: Hip
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A: Coxa
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L: thigh
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A: femoral region
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L: front of knee
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A: Patellar region
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L: Back of Knee
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A: Popliteal region
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L: Leg
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A: Crural region
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L: Back of leg
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A: Sural region
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L: Foot
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A: Pes
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L: Ankle
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A: Tarsal region
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L: Big Toe
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A: Hallux
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L: Bottom of Foot
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A: Plantar Surface
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Anterior or Ventral
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Toward or nearer the front surface of the body
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Posterior or Dorsal
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Toward or nearer the back of the body
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Superior
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Toward or nearest the top of the head.
This term can be used for structures of the trunk and limbs |
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Inferior
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Toward or nearer the soles of the feet or even tail
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Proximal
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Toward or nearer the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
Term should only be used for limbs |
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Distal
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Away from or farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk.
This term should only be used for limbs. |
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Medial
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Toward or nearer the midline of the body
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Lateral
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away from the midline of the body
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Superficial
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Toward or nearer the surface of the body
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Deep
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Away or further from the surface of the body
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External
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that part or parts of a hollow organ or bone that is nearer the surface of the body
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Internal
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that part or parts of a hollow organ or bone that is further away from the surface of the body
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Saggital plane
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A vertical plane which, when passed through the body, divides it into right and left segments.
Mid-saggital - if planes are equal Parasaggital - if unequal planes |
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Transverse
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A plane parallel with the surface of the Earth which divides the body into superior and inferior segments.
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Frontal/Coronal plane
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A vertical plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior segments.
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Order of sequence of smallest to largest
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Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
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Cells
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Single units of protoplasm with specific complements of organelles devoted to a specific function.
Examples: muscle cells, nerve cells. |
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Tissues
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Groups of cells that work together with a common function. E.g., muscle tissue.
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Organs
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Structures composed of several tissue types that function as a unit.
Examples: heart, stomach, biceps brachii (muscle). |
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Organ Systems
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Groups of organs sharing a common function. Examples: digestive and cardiovascular systems, urogenital system, musculoskeletal system.
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Cells
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Single units of protoplasm with specific complements of organelles devoted to a specific function. Examples: muscle cells, nerve cells.
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Tissues
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Groups of cells that work together with a common function. E.g., muscle tissue.
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Organs
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Structures composed of several tissue types that function as a unit.
Examples: heart, stomach, biceps brachii (muscle). |
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Organ Systems
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Groups of organs sharing a common function. Examples: digestive and cardiovascular systems, urogenital system, musculoskeletal system.
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Endothelium
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a continuous sheet of flat cells lines the
blood vessels |
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Major functions of epithelial tissues
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1) Protective/Barrier function - keeps things in, and keeps things out. The outer layer of skin is a mechanical barrier
2) Absorption or diffusion - Lining of blood vessels provides for diffusion of substances to surrounding tissues; lining of gut tract is for absorption 3) All gland of the body are derived from epithelium - liver, thyroid, sweat glands, etc. |
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Gap Junctions
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allow for cell-cell “communication”
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Tight Junctions
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prevent passage of material between cells; think skin or urinary bladder
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Basement membrane/Basal Lamina
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Sheets of epithelial cells are bound to underlying tissues by a basement membrane.
Basement membrane/basal lamina, a complex substance including protein and carbohydrates. |
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Regeneration of epithelial cells
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Epithelial tissues are capable of active
mitosis/regeneration. Most other tissues are not. ex. Transplantation: one may take a portion of liver and transplant it to another individual. The liver is a gland, formed by epithelium. |
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Simple Epithelium
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a single layer of cells forms the epithelial
tissue simple epithelium is associated with absorption or diffusion; think lining of blood vessels or gut tract |
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Stratified Epithelium
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multiple layers of cells form the
epithelial tissue. -stratified epithelium is associated with a “barrier” function – think lining of bladder, or outer layer of skin . |
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Goblet Cells
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Single celled exocrine glands derived from the columnar epithelium
They produce mucus to facilitate passage of material along the gut tract |
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What makes up connective tissue?
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Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance
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Fibroblasts
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Most common cell type. Synthesize and secrete the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue
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Fat/Adipose Cells
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Fat storage. Important for energy and water storage, insulation, protection.
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Macrophages
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Engulf foreign particulate matter. Believed to be important in some immune responses and in scar formation
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Mast Cells
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Found near blood vessels. Contain granules of heparin and histamine (Allergic reactions).
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Heparin
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involved in preventing blood from clotting
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Histamine
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Vasodilator (makes blood vessels leaky) and constricts bronchial smooth muscle
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Collagen Fibers
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MAJOR fiber type of connective tissue
Tensile strength of steel Fibers are positioned parallel to lines of stress/force placed on tissue Synthesized by fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts Major component of tendons and ligaments |
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Ground Substance
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Water, sugars, calcium salts, and protein/carbohydrate complexes.
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Extracellular Matrix
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Fibers + Ground Substance
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Loose Areolar Connective tissue
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contains all cell and fibers types, in a “general” ground substance – “packing tissue”.
ex. Fascia - tissue investing the muscles of the body |
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Dense regular connective tissue
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-composed primarily of collagen fibers running parallel to each
other-examples: tendons and ligaments |
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Chondrocyte
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Main cell type found in cartilage
Chondrocytes live in lacunae |
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Cartilage
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Extracellular matrix is rigid
Fibers and ground substance of cartilage are produced by chondroblasts |
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Hyaline cartilage
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most extensive cartilage type in the body
forms embryonic skeleton and covers the surfaces of synovial joints. |
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Fibrocartilage
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Extracellular matrix that is formed primarily of collagen fibers and little ground substance.
Ex. Intervertebral discs |
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Elastic cartilage
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Extracellular matrix preponderance of elastic fibers.
Provide flexibility and support Ex. Nose and ear |
