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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Negative Feedback Loop (Homeostasis)
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Abnormal values trigger mechanism that return system to normal values…diminish the original stimulus
Keeps a variable close to its set point Example: Increased Body Temperature |
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Positive Feedback Loops (Homeostasis)
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-Self-amplifying cycle
-Change leads to continued movement in the same direction…drives the system out of balance -Response enhances the original stimulus outcome -Normal way of producing rapid changes (occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein, digestion, and generation of nerve signals) -Often seen in pathology |
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Fever
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-Temperature above 108 deg. (metabolic rate increases causing faster heat production)
-Temperature increases & cycle repeats again Fatal at 113 deg. |
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Stress
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-Any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment
-Disturbs homeostasis |
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Stress (Originated externally)
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-Heat, cold, loud noise
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Stress (Originated internally)
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-Blood pressure, pain, unpleasant thoughts
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Mild stressors
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Homeostatic mechanisms can cope (return to normal)
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Severe Stressors
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Homeostatic mechanisms have difficulty coping (Heart attack, burns, fever)
Need intervention: medicine, surgery |
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Anatomical Position
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-Person stands erect
-Feet flat on floor -Arms at sides -Palms, eyes & face facing forward -Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissection |
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Ipsilateral =
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Same Side
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Contralateral =
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Opposite side
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Superficial =
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Close to surface
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Deep =
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Away from surface
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Cranial =
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Toward the head
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Caudal =
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Toward inferior trunk
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Visceral =
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Inner part
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Parietal =
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Pertaining to walls of a cavity
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Appendicular body =
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Appendages (Arms/Legs)
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Axial Body =
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Central axis (skull, vertebra, ribs)
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Regions contain vital organs and ____ and ____ cavities.
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Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity (Heart, Lungs) |
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What separates the Ventral Body Cavity and the Thoracic cavity?
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Diaphragm
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Abdominal cavity
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Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Gallbladder, Small Intestine, Most of Large Intestine
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Pelvic cavity
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End of Large Intestine, Bladder, Reproductive Organs
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Name the 3 Cardinal Planes.
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Sagittal
Frontal / Coronal Transverse |
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Sagittal Plane
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Right & left sides
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Frontal / Coronal Plane
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Anterior & posterior sections
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Transverse Plane
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Upper & Lower sections
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Atom (Chemical Element)
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The simplest particle
Composition Are electrically neutral Interactions |
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Molecule (Chemical Element)
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The simplest particle
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Body has _____ Chemical elements.
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24-26
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Major Elements in the Body
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Oxygen O
Carbon C Hydrogen H Nitrogen N Calcium Ca Phosphorus P Potassium K Trace Elements |
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Nucleus (Structure of an Atom)
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-center of atom
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Protons have a ____ _____ _____.
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Single + charge
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Electrons have no _____.
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Charge
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Electrons have a ____ ____ ____.
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Single Negative charge
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Ions carry a charge due to an unequal number of _____ and _____.
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Protons and electrons
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Ionization
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Transfer of electrons from one atom to another (stability of valence shell)
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Anion
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Atom that gained electrons (net negative charge)
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Cation
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Atom that lost an electron (net positive charge)
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Ions with ______ charges are attracted to each other.
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Opposite
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Chemical Reactions
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Making & Breaking bonds between atoms
2 Classes |
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What are the two classes of Chemical Reactions?
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-Anabolism or Synthesis reactions
-Catabolism or Decomposition reactions |
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Anabolism or Synthesis reactions
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2 or more (atoms, ions, or molecules) combine to form a bigger molecule
A + B AB 2H + O H2O |
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_____ is required to build larger molecules.
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Energy
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Synthesis Reactions
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Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
A + B AB |
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Catabolism or Decomposition reactions
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Chemical bonds are broken
2 or more (atoms, ions, or molecules) are disassociated AB A + B H2O 2H + O |
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In Catabolism or Decomposition reactions,energy is ____ ____ or ____.
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-Given off or released (breakdown food for cellular energy [Digestion])
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Exchange or Displacement reactions
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Combination of Catabolism & Anabolism
2 different molecules exchange positions AB + CD ABCD AC + BD |
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In Exchange or Displacement reactions, first ______, then _____.
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Catabolism, then anabolism
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Oxidation (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions)
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-Molecule releases electrons & energy
-That molecule’s energy decreases -Called an electron donor or reducing agent -Often in the form of hydrogen atoms |
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Reduction (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions)
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-Addition of electrons (energy) to a molecule
-Reduced molecule called electron acceptor or oxidizing agent (ex: oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent (accepts electrons)) ex: Rust – oxidation of Iron to for Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) |
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In Cells, Oxidation & Reduction reactions are coupled. Substance 1 is ____ while Substance 2 is _____.
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-oxidized
-reduced |
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Oxidation gives off or produces _____ (1)
Cell oxidizes ____ to produce energy for cell’s work. |
1.) energy
2.) glucose |
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Oxidation of Glucose
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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Glucose oxidized to _____ (1).
It gives up _____ ____ (2). |
1.) Carbon dioxide
2.) Hydrogen electrons |
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Oxygen reduced to _____ (1).
It accepts _____ ____ (2). |
1.) Water
2.) Hydrogen electrons |
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Through the Oxidation of Glucose, ____ is produced.
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Energy
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Reversible Reactions
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-End product can revert back to original molecules
A + B AB OR A + B AB A + B |
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LAW OF MASS ACTION
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-Direction determined by amount of substance
Surplus CO2 Surplus H+ |
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Metabolism
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-The sum total of all the chemical reactions in the body
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Catabolism
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-energy releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions
[breaks covalent bonds, produces smaller molecules, releases useful energy]. |
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Anabolism
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energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
[requires energy input]. |
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Chemical Reactions
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-Depend on a chemical bond being formed or broken
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In chemical reactions, atoms and molecules must __ (1).
Collision force large enough to overcome electrical repulsion between their _______(2). |
1.) Collide
2.) Electrons |
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Factors Influencing Reaction Rates (4)
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Size
Temperature Concentration Catalysts |
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Size (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)
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-Smaller = faster = more collisions
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Temperature (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)
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-Higher temperature = faster = more collisions
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Concentration (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)
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-More concentrated = more chance of collisions
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Catalysts (Factors Influencing Reaction Rates)
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-Speed up reactions without being used up itself
-Biological catalysts are enzymes |
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Chemical Bonds (4)
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-Ionic bonds
-Covalent bonds -Hydrogen bonds -Van der Waals force |
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(Ionic Bonds)
Attraction of ____(1) charged ions No sharing of ____(2). _____(3) bond, easily dissociates in water. |
1.) oppositely
2.) electrons 3.) Weak |
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(Covalent Bonds)
Formed by the sharing of ______ _______ (1) One pair of valence ______(2) are shared. They are _____(3) bonds. |
1.) Valence electrons
2.) electrons 3.) strong |
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There are _____ (1) types of covalent bonds.
Name them. |
1.) Four
Single Double Nonpolar Polar |
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Single Bond (Covalent Bonds)
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-sharing of single pair electrons
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Double Bond (Covalent Bonds)
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-sharing of two pairs
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Nonpolar Bond (Covalent Bonds)
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-shared electrons (equal time around each nucleus)
-strongest of all bonds |
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Polar Bond (Covalent Bonds)
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-negative charge where electrons spend most time
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(Hydrogen Bonds)
_____(1) bond = no sharing of ____(2). Attraction between _____(3) molecules. |
1.) Weakest
2.) Electrons 3.) Polar |
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(Physiological importance of Hydrogen Bonds)
Influence shapes of large complex molecules, otherwise known as _______(1). Determined by folding due to hydrogen bonds. Sensitive to ______ and ______(2). |
1.) Proteins
2.) pH and Temperature |
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The capacity to do work (move something) is called ____.
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Energy
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Energy can be converted from one form to another
_____(1) : results from the flow of electrons (or ions) _____(2): potential energy stored in molecular bonds _____(3): combination is basis for nervous & muscular system function. |
1.) Electrical
2.) Chemical 3.) Electrochemical |
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The motion of body parts can be referred to as ____ energy,
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Mechanical
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(Energy)
Heat Heat is the ____(1) energy of molecular motion. Temperature : measure of rate of motion of _____(2). Heat is a byproduct of many _____(3) reactions. Helps maintain ______(4). |
1.) Kinetic
2.) Molecules 3.) Chemical 4.) Homeostasis |
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Most chemicals in the body are in the form of
_______ _______(1). Name the two clases of these (2). |
1.) Chemical Compounds
2.) Organic and Inorganic |
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Organic has _____(1) and Inorganic has _______(2).
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1.) Carbon
2.) No Carbon |
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(The Molecules of Life)
Name three Inorganic molecules. |
Water
Minerals Gases |
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(The Molecules of Life)
Name six Organic molecules. |
Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins Enzymes Nucleotides & Nucleic acids |
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(Inorganic Compounds)
____(1) Bonding, except water. No Carbon, except Carbon _____(2) and Carbon ______(2). |
1.) Ionic
2.) Monoxide & Dioxide |
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Name the 4 most Important Inorganic Compounds.
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Water
Acids Bases Salts |
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(Inorganic Compounds)
Water Chemistry of Life depends on water. Major inorganic component of cells & extracellular fluid. 60 – 80% of Cells Volume. 50 – 75% of Adults Weight. |
Know these.
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(Inorganic Compounds)
Water’s Function As a Solvent Solvent: a substance in which another material,called a solute, is able to dissolve into forming a ______(1). Water surrounds ions, and shields them from other charged particles. This forms a ______ ______(2) (solute dissolved). |
1.) Solution
2.) Hydration Sphere |
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Water is the ______(1) Solvent.
________(2) Substances: Dissolve in water (e.g., Salt, Sugar). ________(3) Substances: Do Not dissolve in water (e.g., Fats, Oils). |
1.) Universal
2.) Hydrophilic 3.) Hydrophobic |
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(Inorganic Compounds)
Water is an excellent solvent due to _____(1) characteristics. _____(2) (+) charge. _____(3) (-) Charge. Materials in water tend to ______(4). |
1.) Polar
2.) Hydrogen 3.) Oxygen 4.) Dissociate |
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(Inorganic Compounds)
Water, as a Universal Solvent, is important in ______(1), and as a ______(2) for joints and digesting food. |
1.) Transportation
2.) Lubricant |
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When one substance clings to a second substance, it is called ______.
Example: Water adheres to body tissues & membranes. |
Adhesion
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When one substance clings to Itself, it is called ______.
Water is this due to hydrogen bonds. Water surface tension (surface molecules attracted to those below). |
Cohesion
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(Inorganic Compounds)
Water as a Chemical Reactant has two possible reactions: ____(1) reactions : adding water to catabolic reactions. _____ _____(2) : remove water during reaction. |
1.) Hydrolysis
2.) Dehydration Synthesis |
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Water also absorbs & releases Heat.
Large amount of heat to _____(1) water temperature. Great loss of heat to _____(2) water temperature. |
1.) Increase
2.) Decrease |
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(Thermal Stability of Water)
Water stabilizes internal temperature of the body. ____(1) bonds inhibit increased temperature (molecular motion) caused by increased heat. Effective coolant (through evaporation). (e.g., 1 ml of perspiration removes 500 calories from the body). Help maintain temperature _______(2). |
1.) Hydrogen
2.) Homeostasis |