Anatomy Lecture Quiz 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of structure and relationships among structures

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of function; how structures work and what they accomplish

Front 3

Relationship between structure and fucntion

Back 3

Example:sperm structure is what makes up the sperm and the function is what purpose it serves in fertlizing an egg

Front 4

Pathology

Back 4

The study of abnormalities in structure and/or function

Front 5

Chemical level is defined as what and what does it contain?

Back 5

defined as: all chemical substances which com-pose a living organism (e.g. human)

it includes Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds

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Atoms

Back 6

smallest unit of an element having all characteristics of the element

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Molecules

Back 7

composed of 2 or more atoms bonded together

Front 8

Compounds

Back 8

molecules composed of tow or more different atoms

Front 9

definition of cellular level and what it contains

Back 9

defined as cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms

it contains Organelles, Specialization's,

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Organelles

Back 10

Localized compartments within cells( example: mitochondria, lysosomes.)

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Specializations

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Structural/functional variations between cells (examples: cilia, hemoglobin)

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Cytology

Back 12

The study of cells

Front 13

what is the definition of tissue level and what does it contain

Back 13

defined as a tissue is a group of similar cells and intercellular material that performs specific functions

contains Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue

Front 14

Histology

Back 14

the study of tissues

Front 15

Epithelial Tissue

Back 15

cover surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands

Front 16

Connective tissue

Back 16

diverse group of tissues; provide support, protection, transportation, insulation and other functions

Front 17

Muscle Tissues

Back 17

functions in movement, contraction, heat production

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Nervous Tissue

Back 18

functions in movement, contraction, heat production

Front 19

Nervous tissue

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functions in communication, coordination response to environmental changes

Front 20

Organ level is defined as

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An organ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types (usually all 4) with specialized functions

Front 21

System Level is defined as

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A system is a group of 2 or more organs that perform common functions

Front 22

Organsim level

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An organism is a group of systems, i.e. an individual plant or animal(human for purposes of this course)

Front 23

What does the integumentary system include

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Composition and its function

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Composition of integumentary system

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skin, accessory structures(hair, nails, glands)

Front 25

Functions of composition in integumentary system

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body covering, protection of underlying tissues, sensation, vitamin D synthesis

Front 26

What is the composition of the skeletal system and what are its function

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composition: bones, cartilage and ligaments that bind bones at joints

functions: support/protection of internal organs, movement(with muscle), blood cell formation, mineral storage

Front 27

Composition and functions of muscular system

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composition: muscles

Functions: movement(with skeleton), contraction of organs, heat production

Front 28

Composition and functions of nervous system

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composition: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

functions: coordination, communication, response to stimuli

Front 29

Composition and functions of Endocrine system

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composition: ductless glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid or blood

functions: coordination, communication, response to stimuli

Front 30

Composition and function of digestive system

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Composition: gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal (mouth,to anus), accessory structures (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas,liver, gall bladder)

Function: intake and processing of food into a form that is usable forenergy and growth

Front 31

Composition and function of respiratory system

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composition: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

functions: gas exchange (oxygen & carbon dioxide) between environment& body tissues

Front 32

cellular respiration is defined as

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series of reactions which require oxygen from therespiratory system in order to transform energy in food into ATP, which can beused for body activities; summary equation: Food + oxygen ---> ATP + carbon dioxide + water

Front 33

Composition and functions of cardiovascular system

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Composition: blood, heart and blood vessels

functions: transport of gases, nutrients, wastes & hormones

Front 34

Composition and functions of Lymphatic system

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Composition: lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Functions: drainage, immune response to foreign organisms

Front 35

Composition and Functions of Urinary system

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composition: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions: elimination of nitrogenous wastes, maintenance of salt andwater balance

Front 36

composition and functions of reproductive system

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composition: male = testes, duct system, external genitalia (penis) female = ovaries, duct system, external genitalia (vulva)

functions:production of offspring, hormones

Front 37

definition of metabolism

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the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in body cells.

Front 38

Catabolism:

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reactions involving break down of large, complexmolecules into smaller, simpler molecules; release energy.

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Anabolism

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reactions involving synthesis(buildup) of more complex,larger molecules from simpler, smaller molecules; require energy.

Front 40

MAINTENANCE OF BOUNDARIES

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The internal environment remains distinct(separate) from the external environment.

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BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS:

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Water is the most abundant substance inthe body; it surrounds and fills body cells. The water in the body issubdivided into the following compartments:

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Intracellular Fluid

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fluid within cells, containing dissolved or suspendedsubstances; also called the cytosol.

Intercellular (interstitial) Fluid = fluid between cells.

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Extracellular Fluid

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fluid outside of cells. Located within 2compartments:

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definition of plasma

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fluid within blood vessels

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RESPONSIVENESS (irritability)

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ability to sense and react to changes in theenvironment.

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CONTRACTILITY/MOVEMENT

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ability to move or change position.

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Growth

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increase in size, achieved by increase in number of cells, size of existing cells or the amount of intercellular material.

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REPRODUCTION:

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process of making new cells or a new individual.

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DIFFERENTIATION:

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process of becoming specialized.

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Vertebrates

Back 50

organisms having a vertebral column or backbone, e.g. humans

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bilateral symmetry:

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right and left sides are mirror images

Front 52

tube within a tube construction

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outer tube = body wall, inner tube =GI tract. An important concept to understand is that the lumen orhollow inside of the GI tract is really outside of the body, sincethe lumen is in free communication with the external environment of thebody via the mouth and anus.

Front 53

stress

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any condition which disturbs homeostasis, or any stimulus whichcreates an imbalance in the internal environment.

Front 54

Regulation of Homeostasis:

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most regulatory mechanisms areFEEDBACK SYSTEMS, involving nervous and endocrine systems.

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Receptor:

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detects changes in the environment (STIMULI); sends input to a control center.

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Control Center:

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monitors the status of a parameter;determines an appropriate course of action; maintainsparameter close to an established set point.

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Effector

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a structure which produces an effect in response tooutput from the control center; usually a muscle or gland

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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK mechanism

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reverses the direction of the deviation; most HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

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POSITIVE FEEDBACK mechanism

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intensifies or amplifies the deviation; associated with EPISODIC EVENTS

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BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION: “thermostat” is in the

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hypothalamus

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Matter

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anything that occupies space and has mass; can exist as a solid, liquid ! ! or gas (states of matter)

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Elements

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the building blocks of matter which cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions.

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Atom

Back 63

the smallest unit of an element that shows all of its characteristics.

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Hydrogen

Back 64

H

Front 65

Nitrogen

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N

Front 66

Fluorine

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F

Front 67

Magnesium

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Mg

Front 68

Carbon

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C

Front 69

Sodium

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Na

Front 70

Chlorine

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Cl

Front 71

Phosphorus

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P

Front 72

Calcium

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Ca

Front 73

Iron

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Fe

Front 74

Iodine

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Fe

Front 75

Oxygen

Back 75

O

Front 76

Sulfur

Back 76

S

Front 77

Potassium

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K

Front 78

Nucleus

Back 78

central region which contains most of the mass of an atom, but little of its volume. The nucleus is composed of: protons, neutrons, and mass number

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Protons

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positively charged particles (p+); each element has a unique! number of protons. The number of protons in an atom of an element is! known as its ATOMIC NUMBER.

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Neutrons

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neutral particles (n0), which have no charge, but contribute mass to the atom. Atoms of the same element which differ in number of neutrons are known as ISOTOPES

Front 81

Mass number

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sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons.