Anatomy: Lecture Exam: 1

Front 1

Gross Anatomy

Back 1

1) Systems Approach

2) Regional Approach

3) Arnet's Hybrid

Front 2

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 2

1) Histolgy

2) Cytology

Front 3

Pathology

Back 3

Abnormal disease/ anatomy

Front 4

Physiology

Back 4

Function--How it works

Front 5

Root

Prefix

Suffix

Back 5

Root-Core meaning of term

Prefix-modifes core meaning

Suffix-modifies core meaning

Front 6

Organism

Back 6

All systems that keep a thing living.

Front 7

Cytology

Back 7

Study of the cells

Front 8

Histology

Back 8

Study of the tissue

Front 9

????Study of the organ system????

Back 9

Anatomy???

Front 10

Integrumentary

Back 10

Function: Protection, homeostasis

Principal Organs: Skin, Skin Glands, Hair, Nails

Front 11

Homeostasis

Back 11

Keeping the body stable

Front 12

The Integumentary has a________ memebrane

Back 12

Cutaneous membrane. Has TWO layers;

epidermis-above the skin

dermis-skin

Front 13

Skeletal System

Back 13

Function: Support, Protection, Blood Cell

Production

Principal Organs: Bones, cartliage, ligaments.

Front 14

Cartilage

Back 14

type of soft tissue that hooks stuff or functions as shock absorber.

Front 15

Ligament

Back 15

Connective Tissue "Bone-to-Bone"

Front 16

Muscular

Back 16

Function: Movement, Stability

Principal Organs: Skeletal Muscles, tendons

Front 17

Tendon

Back 17

Flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

Front 18

Name 3 Types of Muscle Tissues

Back 18

1) Skeletal

2) Cardiac

3) Smooth

Front 19

Endocrine System

Back 19

Function: Hormone production, cell communication

Organs: Many

Front 20

Nervous

Back 20

Function: motor control, sensation, control

Principal Organs: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nervous

Front 21

A collection of ______1______ form a ____2____

Back 21

1) Neuron and axons

2) Nerves

Front 22

The nervous system is divided into 3 systems:

Back 22

1) Brain and Spinal Cord

2) Peripheral Nervous System

3) Autonomic Nervous System

Front 23

Circulatory System

Back 23

Function: Pump nutrients to cells, remove waste products.

Principal Organs: Heart and Blood Vessels

Front 24

Artery

Back 24

any of the tubular thick-walled muscular vessels that convey oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body .

Front 25

Vein

Back 25

one of the system of branching vessels or tubes conveying blood from various parts of the body to the heart.

Front 26

Blood is a ____1____ that is made out of _____2____

Back 26

1) fluid connective tissue

2) plasma fluid

Front 27

Lympathic System

Back 27

Function: Removes excess lymph, maintains immune system.

Prinicpal Organs: lymph nodes, lymph organs

Front 28

Respiratory Systems

Back 28

Function: Absoption of oxygen, removal of carbon dioxide.

Principal Organs: Lungs

Front 29

Digestive Systems

Back 29

Function: Breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

Principal Organs: Stomach and Intestines

Front 30

Urinary System

Back 30

Function: Elimination of waste products from blood.

Principal Organs: Kidneys and Bladder

Front 31

Reproductive Systems

Back 31

Function: production of sperm, oocytes (eggs), form and growth of a child.

Principal Organs: Penis, Vagina, Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary Glands.

Front 32

The main reproductive hormone for males are __1__ and the females __2__.

Back 32

1) testostorone

2) estrogen

Front 33

Hormone

Back 33

Chemical that causes of change

Front 34

Anatomical

Back 34

**Standard frame of Body**

Defintion: A person standing upright with-

1) feet flat on floor

2) Arms at side

3)Palms facing foward

Front 35

Antomical Position: Supine vs Prone

Back 35

Supine: anatomical postion lying face up

Prone: anatomical postion lying face down

Front 36

Anatomical Planes:

-Sagittal

-Midsagittal

-parasagittal

-Frontal (Coronal) Plane

-Transvers Plane

Back 36

Sagittal Plane: Right down the middle

Midsagittal: Side

Parasagittal: Next to

Frontal (cornal) plane: 90 degrees to parasagittal

Tranverse Plane: Across(???)

Front 37

Anterior vs Ventral

Back 37

Towards Front

Anterior: humans

Ventral: Animals

Front 38

Posterior vs Dorsal

Back 38

Back

Posterior: Humans

Dorsal: Back

Front 39

Superior

Back 39

***ONLY USE ON THE TORSO***

up towards head

Front 40

Inferior

Back 40

***ONLY USE WITH TORSO***

down toward feet

Front 41

Medial

Back 41

Towards middle

Front 42

Lateral

Back 42

Outside

Front 43

Proximal

Back 43

***ONLY USE WITH APPENDAGES AND EXTREMENITIES****

Up/Upper

Front 44

Distal

Back 44

***ONLY USE WITH APPENAGES AND EXTREMITIES***

Down/under/lower

Front 45

Ipsilateral

Back 45

Same Side

Front 46

Contralateral

Back 46

Opposite Side

Front 47

Memebrane

Back 47

Tissues that cover other tissues

Hint 47

There are four types!

Front 48

Cutaneous Membrane

Back 48

Skin

Front 49

Mucous Membrane

Back 49

Line Passages

Hint 49

"Wet"

Front 50

Serous Membrane

Back 50

Line Cavaities

Front 51

Synovial

Back 51

Line Joint Cavaities

Front 52

What is a 'Body Cavitiy'?

Back 52

Space

Front 53

Viscera

Back 53

Organs

Front 54

What type of membrane lines a body cavity?

Back 54

Serous Membrane

Front 55

Serous Memebranes produce__1__

Back 55

1) Oh the Fluids! Those horrible Serous Fluids!

Front 56

Cranial Cavity hold the __1__

Back 56

1) Brain

Front 57

Vertebral Cavity contains the __1__

Back 57

1) Spinal Cavity

Front 58

List all the Abodminopelvic Boundries

Back 58

Superior- Diaphragm

Inferior- Urogenital Diaphram

Anterior-Abodinal Muscles

Posterior-Spine and Back Muscles

Front 59

Abdominal Cavity/Superior Abdominopelvic cantains what organ system?

Back 59

Digestive System

Front 60

Pelvic Cavity/inferior abdominopelvic contains what oragns?

Back 60

End of the large intestine, bladder, and organs.

Front 61

Osteology

Back 61

Study of the bones

Front 62

Osseous Tissue

Back 62

Rigid bone tissue that lines the bones. It is the major stuctural conneactive tissue and support network of the skelatal system.

Front 63

Mineralization/Calcifcation

Back 63

The layering of minerals on the bone matrix.

Front 64

Adipose

Back 64

Body tissue used for the storage of fat.

Front 65

Cartilage

Back 65

Embroyonic sturcture of most bones and covers many joint structures.

Front 66

Ligament

Back 66

Attach bone to bone at the joint

Front 67

Tendons

Back 67

Attach muscles to bone

Front 68

Long Bone

Back 68

Allows for movement. They are long.

Ex: Femur, Humerus

Front 69

Short Bones

Back 69

provide support and stability but NO MOVEMENT. They're cubed shaped

Hint 69

Ex: Tarsals, Carpuls

Front 70

Flat Bones

Back 70

Protects internal organs and helps make bloods.

Hint 70

Cranial, ribs, scapula, sternum

Front 71

Irregular Bones

Back 71

protection of nervous tissue, anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment,and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment.

Hint 71

Vertebrae and Saccrum

Front 72

Sesamoid Bone

Back 72

Connetive Tissue

Hint 72

Patella

Front 73

What are the five types of bones?

Back 73

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid

Hint 73

Front 74

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Back 74

Compact and Spongy

Front 75

Compact Bone Tissue

Back 75

Cortical- outer part of organ. Its a hard dense tissue that acts as an outer shell and accounts for 3/4 of the body.

Hint 75

Front 76

Spongy Bone Tissue

Back 76

AKA cancellous bone. It is loosley organized in the bone and has spaces in between. It makes up 1/4 of the skeleton.

Hint 76

Front 77

Suture

Back 77

A fibrous joint that holds bones together ***ONLY FOUND IN THE CRANIUM***

Front 78

Diaphysis

Back 78

the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat).

Front 79

Epiphysis

Back 79

Cartilage, end part of a long bone. intially growing from the shaft.

Front 80

Features of the Long Bone

Back 80

1) Diaphysis

2) Epiphysis

3) Medullary Cavity

4) Peripsteum

5) Articular Cartilage

6) Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Front 81

Medullary Cavity

Back 81

Fat tissue

Front 82

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Back 82

epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone.

Front 83

Periosteum

Back 83

Around the bone

Front 84

The two compents of conective are __1__ and __2__

Back 84

1) Cells

2) Matrix

Front 85

Cells function in connective tissue

Back 85

Function: Produces or removes matrix

Types: Stem Cells, Produces Matrix, dissolves matrix

Front 86

Matrix

Back 86

Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite

Organic: Collagen (protein)- holds things together

Front 87

Compact Bone

Back 87

a) structural unit of compact bone-strngth2bone

b)Long tubes w/ alternating rings of hydroxyapatite and collagen

Front 88

Spongy Bone

Back 88

1) Trabeculae-each of a series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue, especially a plate of the calcareous tissue forming cancellous bone.

2) Marrow Spaces

Hint 88

Front 89

Bone Marrow is tissue found in the __1__ and __2__

Back 89

1) Medullary Cavity

2) Spaces in trabecula

Hint 89

There are two types!

Front 90

Red Marrow

Back 90

a) Hemopoietic Tissue (blood forming tissue)

b) flat bases

d) Child-all bones

Adult-cranial, ribs, pelvic

1) flat bones and axial skeleton

2)proximal heads and femur

Front 91

Yellow Marrow

Back 91

*replaces red marrow as we age*

A) turns to mainly adipose tissue(lipids, energy storage)

B) doesn't produce blood

C) Local in adult: legs, most of arms.

Front 92

What is in the Axial Skeleton?

Back 92

a) Skull

B) Vertebral Column

C)Thoracic Cage

Front 93

What is in the Appendicular Skeleton?

Back 93

a)pectoral girdle/upper limb

b)pelvic girdle/lower limb

Front 94

Cranial vs Facial bones

Back 94

Cranial-bones that touch brain

Facial-bones on face

Front 95

Calvaria

Back 95

top of head

Front 96

Cranial Base

Back 96

base of head

Front 97

Le Fort 111 Fracture

Back 97

Consider it a " Cranial Facial Disjuntion"; when crainal bones open/break away from facial bones.

Front 98

Fossa

Back 98

deep depression

Front 99

Fassae

Back 99

many deep depressions

Front 100

Define these areas of the brain:

1) Anterior Cranial Fossa

2)Middle Cranial Fossa

3) Posterior Cranial Fossa

Back 100

1)front

2)Middle

3)Back

Front 101

Frontal Bone

Back 101

Front 102

Parietal Bone

Back 102

big purple spot

Front 103

Occipital Bone

Back 103

Front 104

Sphenoid

Back 104

Hint 104

Front 105

Ethmoid

Back 105

Hint 105

Front 106

Back 106

Hint 106

Front 107

Tell me about the Ethmoid Bone

Back 107

It contains:

1) Crista Gali

2) Cribriform Plate

3) Cribriform Formania

4) ethmoid air cells (sinus)

5) Perpendicular Plate

Hint 107

Front 108

Critsta Gali

Back 108

Connects to the skull

Hint 108

Front 109

Cribriform Plate

Back 109

Olfactory Nerves and holds foramina

Hint 109

Front 110

Ethmoid Air Cells (sinus)

Back 110

The ethmoidal air cells receive sensory fibers from the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves, and the orbital branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion, which carry the nerve fibers for mucous secretion from the facial nerve.

Hint 110

-they give people a voice, lighten the pressure in people's head, and warm head

Front 111

Perpendicular Plate

Back 111

Top half of Septum and it is perpendicular to ethmoid bone. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain

Hint 111

Front 112

Suture

Back 112

Fiborus joint found only in the skull

Hint 112

Front 113

Where are these sutures located(?):

a) squamous

b) coronal

c)sagittal

d)lambdoidal

Back 113

Hint 113

Front 114

What are the paranasal sinuses and what do they do?

Back 114

-"resonance for voice"

-keep head erect

-shape to face

-warms and humidfies air

Hint 114

Front 115

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain?

Back 115

into the nasal cavity.

Hint 115

Front 116

Hyoid Bone

Back 116

1) not part of the skull

2.) attached to skull by muslces and ligaments

3.) it is a 'bony anchor' for muslces of mandible, neck. and larnyx.

Hint 116

Front 117

Temporomandibular Joint

(TMJ)!

Back 117

TMJ is a synovial joint lined with a synovial membrane. The function: Rotation first 22mm. condyle in fossa. When mouth is open wider, condlye leaves fossa.

Hint 117

hinge that connects your jaw to the temporal bones of your skull, which are in front of each ear. It lets you move your jaw up and down and side to side, so you can talk, chew, and yawn.

Front 118

What are the bones of the TMJ?

Back 118

a) Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

b) mandibular condyle of the madible.

c) held together by ligaments

Hint 118

Front 119

Transverse Foramen of Cervical Vertebraw

Back 119

Offers protection and a passageway for the vertebral arteries.

Hint 119

Front 120

Vertebral Foramen of Vertebra

Back 120

Provided passage way for spinal nerves.

Hint 120

Front 121

Intervertebral Foramen

Back 121

Allows for spinal nerves to connect with spinal cord.

Hint 121

Front 122

Sacral Foramen

Back 122

"Seat of Soul", passage for arteries and nerves of the pelvic region.

Hint 122

Front 123

What are the general regions of the Vertebral Column?

Back 123

1) Cervical Vertebra

2) Thoracic Vertebrae

3) Lumbar Vertebrae

4) Sacrum

5) Coccyx

Hint 123

Front 124

What are some abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column?

Back 124

1) Scoliosis

2) Kyphosis

3) Lordosis

Hint 124

Front 125

Scoliosis

Back 125

Developmental errors, the body and vertebrae fail to develop on one side. This usually happens to 13 year old females.

Hint 125

Front 126

Kyphosis

Back 126

This happens with age, osteoporosis, and sports (ex: wrestling). It causes a hunchback

Hint 126

Front 127

Lordosis

Back 127

Lower lumbar and sacrum extends outwards. This happens when people are pregnant or obese.

Hint 127

Front 128

Atlanto-occipital joint (AO Joint)

Back 128

The Atlas and Occiptal bones come together and help flex the head in yes motion.

Hint 128

Front 129

Atlanto-Axial Joint (AA Joint)

Back 129

The Atlas and Axis bones come together to make a "no" movement.

Hint 129

Front 130

What blood vessel goes through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae?

Back 130

Arteries and spinal nerves.

Front 131

The arteries and spinal nerves bring blood supply to the ___

Back 131

1) Brain and Neck

Front 132

What are the regions of the Axial Skeleton?

Back 132

1) Skull

2) Vertebral Column

3) Thoracic Cage

Hint 132

Front 133

What are the regions of the Appendicular Skeleton?

Back 133

1)Pectoral Girdle/Upper Limb

2)Pelvic Girdle/Lower Limb

Hint 133

Front 134

Ante

Back 134

Before

Hint 134

antebrachial

Front 135

Anti

Back 135

Against/Opposite

Hint 135

antibacterial

Front 136

Supra

Back 136

Above

Hint 136

supraspinous

Front 137

Infra

Back 137

below

Hint 137

infraspinous

Front 138

sub

Back 138

below

Hint 138

subscapular

Front 139

pre

Back 139

before; post-after

Front 140

para

Back 140

next to

Hint 140

parotoid

Front 141

peri

Back 141

around

Hint 141

periosteum

Front 142

meta

Back 142

beyond

Hint 142

metacapal

Front 143

inter

Back 143

in between

Hint 143

intertubercular

Front 144

intra

Back 144

within

Hint 144

intracellular

Front 145

syn

Back 145

together

Hint 145

syntosis

Front 146

sym

Back 146

together

Hint 146

symphysis

Front 147

acro

Back 147

tip

Hint 147

acromion

Front 148

hyper

Back 148

above

Front 149

hypo

Back 149

below

Front 150

-cle-

Back 150

little (tubercle)

Front 151

-oid-

Back 151

to look like

Hint 151

conoid;sesamoid

Front 152

-ous-

Back 152

full of or pertaining to

Hint 152

osseous;mucous

Front 153

cyste

Back 153

cell

Hint 153

osteocyte

Front 154

osse

Back 154

bone

Front 155

osteo

Back 155

bone

Front 156

chondro

Back 156

cartilage

Hint 156

chondrocyte

Front 157

mono

Back 157

one

Front 158

uni

Back 158

one

Front 159

bi

Back 159

two

Front 160

di

Back 160

two

Front 161

tri

Back 161

three

Front 162

quad

Back 162

four

Front 163

-itis

Back 163

infection or inflamtion of

Front 164

-ism

Back 164

disease or condition

Front 165

-osis

Back 165

disease or condtion

Front 166

-emia

Back 166

in the blood

Hint 166

leukemia

Front 167

-penia

Back 167

deficiency

Hint 167

osteopenia

Front 168

-oma

Back 168

tumor

Hint 168

carcinoma

Front 169

-plasia

Back 169

growth

Hint 169

hyperplasia

Front 170

-ectomy

Back 170

to cut out

Front 171

-otomy

Back 171

to cut into

Front 172

hemi

Back 172

half

Front 173

semi

Back 173

half

Front 174

mega

Back 174

big

Front 175

micro

Back 175

small

Front 176

a or an

Back 176

without

Hint 176

anaplasia

Front 177

endo

Back 177

within

Hint 177

endocytosis

Front 178

exo

Back 178

out

Hint 178

exocytosis

Front 179

ecto

Back 179

outside of/external

Front 180

erthy

Back 180

red

Hint 180

erthryocyte

Front 181

leuko

Back 181

white

Hint 181

leukocyte

Front 182

-ase

Back 182

designating an enzyme

Hint 182

lipase

Front 183

gastro

Back 183

stomach

Hint 183

gasterology

Front 184

entero

Back 184

intestine

Hint 184

enterocyte

Front 185

hepato

Back 185

liver

Hint 185

hepatocyte

Front 186

reno

Back 186

kidney

Hint 186

renal

Front 187

-genesis

Back 187

formation of

Hint 187

osteogenesis

Front 188

What is the only suture a baby has?

Back 188

Metotropic Suture

Front 189

What other features do infant skull have?

Back 189

4 Types of Fontanels:

a) Anterior

b) Posterior

c) Mastoid

d) Sphenoid

Hint 189

tip: fontanel = soft spot

Front 190

Together, the arms and legs are called the

Back 190

appendicular region

Front 191

When a person is standing in the anatomical position, the ____ of the hand is facing posterior

Back 191

dorsum

Front 192

Spinal Nerves are part of the _____ nervous system

Back 192

peripheral

Front 193

What is the word for an anatomical term named after a person?

Back 193

eponym

Front 194

the root word --cyte means

Back 194

cell

Front 195

leuko means

Back 195

white

Front 196

a ___ is a group of similar cells that perform a specific funtion

Back 196

tissue

Front 197

a/an _____ is a particle of at least 2 atoms joined by a chemical bond

Back 197

contains

Front 198

Why is the lung considered to be an organ?

Back 198

It is composed of two or more tissue types

Front 199

Together, the head, neck, and trunk are known as

Back 199

the axial region

Front 200

____ muscle tissue surrounds digestive organs and blood vessels

Back 200

smooth

Front 201

a ____ is the simplest body sturcture composed of two or more types of tissue

Back 201

organ

Front 202

which type of membrane lines a joint?

Back 202

synovial

Front 203

the prefix, peri-, means

Back 203

around

Front 204

What is the name of the current international book which lists the standard terms for human antomy structures?

Back 204

terminologia Anatomica

Front 205

About ____ percent of medical terms are formed from greek and latin roots?

Back 205

90

Front 206

the popliteal region is immediatly proximal to the

Back 206

crural region

Front 207

the basic structural unit of compact bone is the

Back 207

osteon

Front 208

in a long bone, the ____________ is the space filled with bone marrow.

Back 208

medullar cavity

Front 209

The dura mater (capsule) of the brain attaches to which feature of the ethmoid bone?

Back 209

Crista Galli

Front 210

Sternoclavicular joint is lined by which type of memebrane?

Back 210

Synovial

Front 211

blood in the axillary vein flow into ______

Back 211

the subclavian

Front 212

a round hole through a bone which a nerve or blood vessel passes is known as a

Back 212

foramen

Front 213

suffix, -oma, means

Back 213

tumor

Front 214

An exaggerated thoracic curvature, often due to osteoporosis, is known as

Back 214

kyphosis

Front 215

the temporal lobe of the brain lies in which cranial fossa?

Back 215

middle cranial fossa

Front 216

a shollow broad depression in a bone is known as a

Back 216

fossa

Front 217

what is the name for the study of bones?

Back 217

osteology

Front 218

All of the following components of the bone matrix are organic except

Back 218

hydroxyapatite

Front 219

the term "bone" refers to

Back 219

osseous tissue and organs such as the humerus and femur

Front 220

the protein fibers of the bone matrix are composed of

Back 220

collagen

Front 221

the armpit is the

Back 221

axillary region

Front 222

hepato means liver. What is an infection of the liver?

Back 222

Hepatitis

Front 223

Syn-

Back 223

together

Hint 223

synotosis

Front 224

sym-

Back 224

togther

Hint 224

symphysis

Front 225

chondro-

Back 225

1) grain

2)cartilage, gristle

Hint 225

chondrocyte,

perichondrium

Front 226

oste-

Back 226

bone

Front 227

-osis

Back 227

1) process

2) condition disease

3) increase (leukocytosis)

Hint 227

1) osmosis, exocyotosis

2) cyanosis, thrombis

3) leukocyctosis

Front 228

Arthro

Back 228

joint

Front 229

arthology

Back 229

study of joints and ligaments

Front 230

arthritis

Back 230

inflamation of a joint

Front 231

articulation

Back 231

joint; point of contact btwn bones

Front 232

Study of the movement of the body

Back 232

kinsesiology

Front 233

Rhemuatology

Back 233

use of medications to treat joint injuries and arthritis

Front 234

what happens when catilage betwn bones fade away?

Back 234

The bones grind on each other and it is extremly painful

Front 235

"FUN" FACT 1

Back 235

Arthritis is the most crippling disorder in the United States

Front 236

"FUN" FACT 2

Back 236

Significant medical resources are spent on pain management and surgical treatment (joint replacements) for arthritis, arthrosis, bursitis, back and neck pain

Front 237

"FUN" FACT 3

Back 237

Mobility of a patient is important in preventing muscle atrophy, vein thrombosis , and cardiac and pulmonary conditions.

Front 238

What is the plural version of synotosis?

Back 238

ex: synostoses plural

Front 239

****Fiberous***

Back 239

Defintion: Bony Joint

Cause: an immobile joint fromed when the gap btwn 2 bone ossifies

Can form from: A fibrous tissue gap ex frontal suture

or: a cartilage tissue gap ex epeiphysis and diphysis of a long bone

Front 240

Synarthrosis

Back 240

(syn=fused; antrho=joint; osis=condition of)

Def: fibrous joint

1) collagen tissue joins one bone to another

2) lttle or no movement btwn bones

Front 241

types of Synarthrosis joints

Back 241

1) sutures

2) interoseous membranes long bands of collagen tissue btwn two long bones

Front 242

some examples of interoseous membranes?

Back 242

- teeth btwn mandible and maxilla

- btwn radius, and ulna; tibia and fibula

Front 243

Cartiaginous joints

Back 243

Def: two bones joined by cartilage

Front 244

Types of Cartilaginous Joint

Back 244

1) Synchondrosis

2) Symphysis

Front 245

Synchondrosis

Back 245

Defintion: two bones bound by hyaline cartilage

ex: 1st rib of manubrim

-epiphyseal plate b4 ossification

Hint 245

(syn= fused; chondro- cartilage; osis= contion of)

Front 246

symphysis

Back 246

sym=fused; -physis =growth; -sis= procees)

a) joined by firbrocartilage

ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc

Hint 246

symphysis= singular

symphyses= plural

Front 247

Synovial Joints

Back 247

aka Diathrosis

1) most common and complicated joints in human in body

2) some are freely mobile (shoulder)

3) others have limited mobility (vertebrae)

Front 248

Synovial joints are named for

Back 248

synovial fluid in a joint

- its thicker than water and has and egg like consistiny

Front 249

4 Characteristics of the Synovial Joint

Back 249

-movable joint with a capsule and lubercating synovial joint fluid

-Contains a synovial cavity lined by a synovial membrane

-Articulsyinh bonrd lined by hyaline cartilage

-bones bound together by ligaments

Front 250

Meniscus

Back 250

-Fibrocartilage pad which crosses entire joint cavity

-separates cavity into two spaces

- shock absorber or cushion to minimize the stress on another type of cartilage that we have in the knee which we call the articular cartilage. The articular cartilage coats the ends of our bones within a joint.

Hint 250

Found in knee only!

Front 251

Bursa

Back 251

Def- Fibrous capsule filld w/ synovial membrane and fluid

funtion: acts as a cushion btwn bones and muscles

ex:subacromial, subpatellar

Hint 251

tedon sheath, hip bone

Front 252

What is it called when a bursa becomes infected or inflamed?

Back 252

Bursitis

Front 253

Tendon Sheath

Back 253

aka synovial Sheath

-Connective tissue tubes lined with synovial membranes that R wrapped around tendons

-function: produces synovial fluid to minimize friction of tendon

Front 254

What is happening if you are experincing something painful in your tendons?

Back 254

tendinitis

Front 255

Osteoarthritis

Back 255

obese or laborors put a lot of tension on their knees which causes pain and bone degradation

Front 256

Rehematoid Arthritis

Back 256

when the immune system works against the organism, and cause the bones to fuse together.

very rare

Front 257

Ankylosis

Back 257

when rheumatoid arthritis is so bad it causes someone to NOT be able to open their month anymore.

Front 258

How do you determine a synovial joint?

Back 258

By the shape of the articular surface

Front 259

Ball and Socket Joint

Back 259

Def- a head articulating with a socket

ex: glenohumeral, acetabulofemoral

Front 260

condylar joints

Back 260

def- on of the bones contains a condyle

ex: temproomandibular

Front 261

Saddle Joints

Back 261

-Both bones contains have a concave surface that looks like a saddle

Hint 261

sternoclavicular joint

Front 262

Plane Joints

Back 262

Gliding Joints

-surfaces of both bones are flat or nearly flat

Hint 262

ex: carpals, and tarsal bones

Front 263

Hinge Joints

Back 263

-freely movable in one direction only like a hinge

Hint 263

ex humeroulnar, joint of elbow, knee joint

Front 264

Pivot Joint

Back 264

- a bone that rotates on it's axis

Hint 264

ex atlantoaxial joint

Front 265

Range of Motion

Back 265

ROM

# of degrees thru which one bone mves relative to another at that joint

Front 266

Factors affecting ROM

Back 266

-Struct. of the articular surfaces of bones (shape)

-diff btwn shoulder and hip

-Strn and tautness of ligaments and the joint capsules

-Action of muscles and joints

Hint 266

?

Front 267

Sternoclavicular Joint

Back 267

Bones

Articular Disc: YrES

Hint 267

?

Front 268

Acromioclavicular Joint

Back 268

Bones

Articular: Disc: No

Hint 268

?

Front 269

Temporomandibular Joint

Back 269

Bones (features)

Articular Disc: Yes

Front 270

Glenohumeral Joint

Back 270

Class: Synovial (Ball and Sckt0

Bones: Head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Art disc? No

Hint 270

aka shoulder, hemispherical head of the humerus articulates w/ a shallow glenoid fossa and is surrounded by a relativity loose joint capsule. This allws for a lrg ROM but sacrafices stability if injured.

Front 271

Glenoid Labrum

Back 271

Makes fossa bigger in shoulder

-A labrum is a ring of firbrocartilage around the edge of a socket. It is often injured requiring surgery

Front 272

Where is the Subdeltoid Bursa?

Back 272

Under deltoid muscle

Front 273

Where is the Subacromial Bursa?

Back 273

under acromion procees

Front 274

What bones do Biceps brachii tendons connect?

Back 274

Femur and radius

Front 275

Elbow Joints

Back 275

The elbow contains two joints, w/ ulna and radius each articulating independently, w/ the humerous and each hving diff funtions. The unla is primarily involved in flexion/extension of the forearm, while he radius is invloved in flexion/extension and pronation/supination.

Front 276

Humeroulnar Joint

Back 276

Classifaction: Synovial (hinge)

bones: trochlea of humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna.

Art Disc: No disc

Hint 276

other:

-Ulnar collateral ligament

-Olecranon Bursa

Front 277

Humeroradial Joint

Back 277

Class: Synovial (Hinge)

Bones: Capitulum of humerus articulates w/ head of radius

Art Disc: No

Front 278

Radial Collateral Ligament

Back 278

Annular Ligament attaches head of radius to humerus)

Front 279

Acetabulofemoral Joint

Back 279

aka coxal/hip joint

Class: Synovial Joint (ball/Sket)

Bones: head of femur articulates w/ the acetabulum of coxal bone

Art disc: no

Hint 279

Acetabulum is deep and the hd of femur is restricted in ROM by this and strng ligaments. Stability rather than ROM is primary function of this joint, as it bears the weight of the body.

Front 280

Acetabular Labrum

Back 280

aka ligament head of femur

attaches head of femur to acetabulum

Front 281

Tibiofemoral Joint

Back 281

aka (knee joint)

Class: Synovial (Hinge Joint)

Bones: medial and lateral condyles of femur artuculate with medial and lateral condyles of tibia

Hint 281

Hinge joint, tibiofemoral joint is lrgst and most complx synovial joint in the body and bears the weight of most of the body. W/ flexion/extension being the primary mvmnt, it is also able to slightly rotate and glide laterally.

Front 282

Wat is the differnce btwn an articular disc and meniscus?

Back 282

Meniscus dosen't cover whole knee.

Front 283

Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments

Back 283

is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It is on the medial (inner) side of the knee joint. Its primary function is to resist valgus forces on the knee

Front 284

Myo-

Back 284

Muscle

Front 285

-emia

Back 285

in the blood

Front 286

myology

Back 286

the study of the structure, arrnmnt, and action of muscles

Front 287

myocyte

Back 287

muslce cells that R long and tubercle

Front 288

tendon

Back 288

muscle to bone. Flexible but enelastic

Front 289

Fascia

Back 289

sht of connective tissue that separates neighbooring muslces or muscle groups from each other and from the subcuaneous tissue

Front 290

Pennate

Back 290

Feather shaped muscles. They're 3 types

Front 291

Fusiform

Back 291

A muslce that is thick in the middle and tappered at each end.

Front 292

What do osteoblasts make?

Back 292

-Osteocytes

-Osteoclast

Front 293

What does an osteocyte do?

Back 293

Makes

Front 294

What does an Osteoclast do?

Back 294

Break

Front 295

Collegen is

Back 295

elastic

Front 296

Spongy bone

Back 296

aka cancellous

loosy

Front 297

Osteon

Back 297

Cell in compact bone, gives bone strength

espically in alternating rings, it helps it become more flexible

Front 298

hemopoies

Back 298

Formation of blood

Front 299

Synostosis

Back 299

-bony joint

-immobile

-become this when your bone STOPS growing

Hint 299

Epiphyseal growth plates frontal/Metotropic suture

full grown bone

Front 300

Synarthrosis

Back 300

Arth=Joint. Fibrous Joint,

-more bendy than a synostosis joint.

-

Hint 300

-All other Sutures

-Interossaus Membrane: UlnaxRadius

Front 301

Cartilaginous

How many types?

Back 301

2

-Synchondrosis

----Hyline Cartilage

-Symphysis

----Fibrocartiage

Front 302

Synchondrosis

Back 302

Hyline Cartilage

Hint 302

-epiyseal growth plate

-growing bone

Front 303

Symphysis

Back 303

Fibrocartiage

Hint 303

-Pubic Symphsis

*For babies*

Front 304

The diaphragm attaches itself via___

Back 304

the central tendon

Front 305

Facial Muscles attach to

Back 305

skin!

(and other muscles)

Front 306

Each individual muscle is called a

Back 306

organ

Front 307

There are about over ___

Back 307

700 muscles

Front 308

What is the ave. muscle mass for women?

Back 308

36%

Front 309

What is the ave. muscle mass for men?

Back 309

42%

Front 310

mus-

Back 310

mouse!

Front 311

cul

Back 311

little

Front 312

Some people have more ____ than others

Back 312

mitochondria

Front 313

Epithelial Tissue

Back 313

Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.

Front 314

Connective Tissue

Back 314

Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelope the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue. They support and protect the body.

Front 315

Muscular Tissue

Back 315

Function is to contract and shorten; then relax

Front 316

Nervous Tissue

Back 316

component of the 2 parts of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which regulates and controls bodily functions and activity. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as providing nutrients to the neuron.

Front 317

What is the main function of all types muscle tissue?

Back 317

posture and body support, locomotion, and heat production

Front 318

Smooth Muscle

Back 318

Located: Walls of Viscera, blood vessels, hairs, iris of eye.

control: Involuntary

* They form sheets of muscles which wrap around organs.

Front 319

Functions of Skeletal Muscle:

Movement

Back 319

1)Movement

2)Body parts and contents

3) Communication

Hint 319

r

Front 320

Functions of Skeletal Muscle:

Support

Back 320

4)Maintain Posture

5) Resist Pull of Gravity

Front 321

Functions of Skeletal Muscle:
Control

Back 321

6) Control Body openings and passages

Front 322

Functions of Skeletal Muscle:

Heat Production

Back 322

7)Up to 85% of body heat

8) Maintains Homeostatisis

Front 323

Functions of Skeletal Muscle:

Glycemic Control

Back 323

9) Regulate Blood Glucose

10) Absorb, store and use glucose

Hint 323

(glyco=sugar. -emia= in the blodd)

Front 324

Skeletal muscle cells are groups of cells which are bundled into large groups which form a structure called

Back 324

A muscle fiber

Front 325

How long are muscle fibers?

Back 325

as long as the actual muscle

Front 326

What is a Myoblasts?

Back 326

an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to muscle cells

Front 327

An individual skeletal muscle is composed of:

Back 327

i) Bundle of muscle fibers (called a belly)

ii) Wrapped in layers of connective tissue

iii) Attached to bones by tendons

Front 328

Fasc-

Back 328

means bundle

Front 329

The endomysium

Back 329

is the connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (cell)

Front 330

The perimysium

Back 330

encircles a group of muscle fibers, forming a fascicle

Front 331

The epimysium

Back 331

encircles all the fascicles to form a complete muscle

Front 332

A Tendon

Back 332

is a cordlike extension of the preceding three linings. It extends beyond the muscle tissue to connect the muscle to a bone or to other muscles

Front 333

An aponeurosis

Back 333

is a flat broad extension of the three muscle linings and serves the same function as a tendon

Front 334

Fascia

Back 334

The deep fascia surrounds the epimysium and encloses or lines other nearby structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and the body wall.

Hint 334

The superficial (hypodermis or subcutaneous layer) lies immediately below the skin. The superficial fascia merges with the deep fascia where the surfaces of the skin meet.

Front 335

Layers of Fascia are called

Back 335

compartments

Front 336

How do Shin splits happen?

Back 336

Pressure in the compartments and no place for the swelling to go

Front 337

Type 1 Fibers

Back 337

1) Slow Oxidative fibers also called slow-twitch

2) These are adapted for aerobic respiration requiring glucose and oxygen to make ATP for energy w/out generating latic acid which contrubutes to fatigue.

Front 338

Type 1 Fibers

(Part 2)

Back 338

3) Hve mny mitochondria (site of ATP prdctn), blood vessels, and myoglobin=red colored protein which binds oxygen for storage.

4)R red in color due to blood vessels and myoglobins

5)Hve relatively long contractions and are present in lrg numbersin muscles which R used for endurance, such as muscle and posture.

Front 339

Type II Fibers

Back 339

1) Fast glycolytic fibers also called fast-twitch

2)These R adapted to anaerobic metabolism, not requiring oxygen, but produce lactic acid.

3) Have fewer mitochondria, blood vessels, and myoglobin

4) R lrgr in diameter than type 1, gving strength and speed, and R adapted to muscles which R fast bud do not endurance.

Front 340

The knee joint has a fibrocartilage pad which separates the joint cavity but does not cross the entire capsule. This type of structure is called a/an

Back 340

meniscus

Front 341

The fibrous dense regular connective tissue bands that connect bones to one another are called

Back 341

ligament

Front 342

What is the term for the study of musculoskeletal movement?

Back 342

kinesiology

Front 343

The prefix "inter-" means

Back 343

in between

Front 344

_______ _______ is a severe condition of joints resulting from an autoimmune reaction against joint tissues.

Back 344

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 345

What is the name of a connective tissue sheath that surrounds a fascicle?

Back 345

perimysium

Front 346

What is the name of a sheet connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups?

Back 346

fascia/deep fascia

Front 347

When a muscle joins a bone and has no visible tendon, it is said to have

Back 347

a direct attachment

Front 348

Another term for a motor end plate is a ____ junction.

Back 348

neuromuscular

Front 349

Within functional groups of muscles, a ____ is a muscle that prevents bone movement

Back 349

fixator

Front 350

Within a functional group of muscles, a ____ is a muscle that stabilizes a joint and aids the prime mover

Back 350

synergist

Front 351

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers innervated by it constitutes a ___ ___.

Back 351

motor unit

Front 352

Which joint has an articular disc?

Back 352

temporomandibular

Front 353

Which of the following joints does not have an articular disc or meniscus?

Back 353

humeroradial

Front 354

The coxal joint is what class of synovial joint?

Back 354

ball-and-socket joint

Front 355

What movement occurs at the radioulnar joint?

Back 355

supination

Front 356

________ is the common form of "wear and tear" arthritis which occurs as joints age.

Back 356

osteoarthritis

Front 357

Physiology is the study of:

Back 357

The functions and relationships of body parts

Front 358

The brachial region is ___ to the carpal region

Back 358

proximal

Front 359

the acromial region is ___ to the axillary region

Back 359

superior

Front 360

The pleural cavity is ____ to the mediastinum

Back 360

lateral

Front 361

What structure is the smallest unit of life?

Back 361

cells

Front 362

Smllst unit to bggst unit of life

Back 362

molecules, cells, tissues, organs

Front 363

The skin is wht type of membrane?

Back 363

cutaneous

Front 364

The abdominopelvic cativity is lined by which type of membrane?

Back 364

Serous

Front 365

The body's passages R lined by which type of membrane?

Back 365

mucous

Front 366

Where do you find the interosseous membrane?

Back 366

radius and ulna

Front 367

a ______ is a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid found adjacent to a joint cavity

Back 367

bursa

Front 368

The spinal cord lies in which cavity of the body?

Back 368

Vertebral Cavity

Front 369

The crual region is ____ to the femoral region

Back 369

distal

Front 370

Fibrocartilage is found in the

Back 370

pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs

Front 371

Which of the following is an ex of a flat bone?

a) humerus

b) vertebrae

c) scapula

d) carpal bone

e) sesamoid

Back 371

scapula

Front 372

Osteoblasts are a cell that

Back 372

lay down and form the matrix of a bone

Front 373

Wht is NOT TRUE of red bone marrow?

Back 373

it is found in the heads of the tibia and radius

Front 374

Which type of cell is most abundant in the body?

Back 374

blood cells

Front 375

Cortical bone is a scentifc name for

Back 375

COMPACT BONE

Front 376

The digestive tract is lined by which type of membrane?

Back 376

mucous

Front 377

When a muscle joins a bone and has no visible tendon, it is said to have

Back 377

a direct attachment

Front 378

When a muscle joins a bone with a flat attchmnt, it is said to have

Back 378

an aponeurosis

Front 379

an antagonist

Back 379

is a muscle that opposes the prime mover

Front 380

a motor unit is

Back 380

one nerve fiber and all the fibers innervated by it.

Front 381

Which is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds an individual muscle?

Back 381

Epiymysium

Front 382

What are the basic functions of muscle tissue?

Back 382

-Heat Production

-Stability

-Glycemic Control

Front 383

The epiphysis and diaphysis of the long bone fusing together is an ex of what?

Back 383

Synostosis

Front 384

Synchondrosis is a cartliaginous joint bound by ____

Back 384

Hyline Cartilage

Front 385

Where is the only part of the body that has an meniscus?

Back 385

knee joint

Front 386

An agonist is

Back 386

the prime mover that produces main force of action

Front 387

the common carotid artery branches into the

Back 387

internal carotid and external carotid arteries

Front 388

What runs thru the vertebral foramen?

Back 388

Spinal Cord

Front 389

What connective tissue is the most outer layer and covers the outside of bones?

Back 389

periosteum

Front 390

what is an ex of a synostosis joint?

Back 390

frontal suture

Front 391

what is an ex of a synarthrosis joint?

Back 391

Interosseous memebrane

Front 392

What is an ex of a synchondrosis joint?

Back 392

epiphyseal plate BEFORE ossification

Front 393

What is an ex of symphysis joint?

Back 393

intervertebral disc

Front 394

What is an ex of a ball-and-socket joint?

Back 394

Glenohumeral

Front 395

An individual muscle fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue called

Back 395

endomysium

Front 396

The rectus abdomen is an ex of what kind of muscle?

Back 396

parallel

Front 397

What does a fixator muscle do?

Back 397

prevent bone movement