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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name Four Types of Tissue (and what they do)
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C- Connective tissue (connect)
M- Muscle tissue (contract) E- Epithelial tissue (cover) N- Nervous tissue (conduct) |
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- General Characteristics - General Functions - Primary Germ Layer Derivative - Examples/Locations |
- Cellular, polar, attached, avascular, innervated, high regeneration capacity
- Covers surfaces, lines insides of organs and body cavities - Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm - Simple Columnar epithelium: inner lining of digestive tract Stratified squamous epithelium: Epidermis of skin Transitional epithelium: inner lining of the urinary bladder |
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- General Characteristics - General Functions - Primary Germ Layer Derivative - Examples/Locations |
- Divers types: all contain cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
- Protects, binds together, and supports organs - Mesoderm - Adipose connective tissue: Fat Dense regular connective tissue: Ligaments and tendons Dense irregular connective tissue: Dermis of skin Hyaline Cartilage: Articular cartilage in some joints Fluid connective tissue: Blood |
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MUSCLE TISSUE
- General Characteristics - General Functions - Primary Germ Layer Derivative - Examples/Locations |
- Contractile: receives stimulation from nervous system and/or endocrine system
- Facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls - Mesoderm - Skeletal muscle: muscles attached to bones Cardiac muscle: muscle layer in heart Smooth Muscle: muscle layers in digestive tract |
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NERVOUS TISSUE
- General Characteristics - General Functions - Primary Germ Layer Derivative - Examples/Locations |
- Neurons: Excitable, high metabolic rate, extreme longevity, nonmitotic
Glial Cells: nonexcitable, mitotic - Neurons: Control activities, process information Glial cells: support and protect neurons - Ectoderm - Neurons: Brain and spinal cord Glial cells: Brain and spinal cord |
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Epithelial Tissue (Functions):
A Barrier between two compartments having different components Name Some Functions (4): |
- Physical protection
- selective permeability - secretion - sensation |
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Epithelial Tissue (Characteristics)
- Cellularity - Polarity (top & bottom layer?) - Attachment - Avascular - Innervated - Regenerative |
- Minimal amounts of ECF
- Defined apical (top) and basal (bottom) layers - Basal layer bound to basement of membrane - Contains no blood vessels | receive nutrients from underlying connective tissues | Epithelia that are far from CT will die - contain nerve endings - calls replaced at a high rate via mitosis |
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Intercellular Junctions (Epithelial):
1. Tight Junctions 2. Adhering Junctions 3. Desmosomes 4. Gap Junctions |
- continuous sealed plasma membranes near apical surface
- typically located deep to tight junctions - provides resistance at a single stress point - direct passageway for small molecules to travel between cells. |
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Naming Epithelial Tissue
- First name refers to # of cells - Second name refers to shape of cells FIRST NAME 1. Simple 2. Stratified 3. Pseudostratified SECOND NAME 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar |
FIRST NAME
1. 1 layer 2. more than 1 layer 3. 1 layer thick, but looks like two ("fake") SECOND NAME 1. flat 2. cube 3. columns |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Function - Location |
- Diffusion and filtration
- Air sacs (alveoli) and lining of blood vessels (capillaries) |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Function - Location |
- absorption and secretion
- Thyroid gland, kidney tubules, most glands, ovary |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Function - Location - Other |
- apsorption, secretion, movement
- lining of digestive tract, stomach, respiratory tract, and uterine tubes - ciliated or non-ciliated (little hairs) |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Function - Location - Other |
- Protection
- lining of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus, epidermis of skin - keratinized and nonkeratinized |
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- Function - Location |
- Protection and secretion
- Exocrine glands and male urethra |
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- Function - Location |
- Protection and secretion
- Rare, found in some glands and the male urethra |
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
- Function - Location |
- Protection and movement
- Respiratory tract, epididymis, male urethra |
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Transitional Epithelium
- Function - Location |
- Distention and relaxation of urinary structures
- ureters, bladder, urethra |
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Glands
- Exocrine - Endocrine |
EXO:
- ducts secrete material onto an epithelial surface - can be both unicellular and multicellular ENDO: - ductless - secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream |
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Secretion Methods (glands)
1. Merocrine glands (method & examples) 2. Holocrine glands (oil) (method & examples) 3. Apocrine glands (breast milk, smelly sweat - method & examples) |
M:
- package secretions into secretory vesicles - lacrimal (sweat), salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and eccrine sweat glands H: - cells accumulate a product and the entire cell disintegrates - Sebaceous glands A: - cells accumulate product and secrete by decapitation - Mammary and apocrine sweat glands |
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Common Origin of Connective Tissue?
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Mesenchyme
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4 Types of Connective Tissue
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- Blood
- Bone - Connective Tissue Proper - Cartilage |
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Connective Tissues: Functions
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- Physical Protection (Bone Cartilage)
- Support and structural framework (bone) - Binding of structures (CT Proper, cartilage) - Storage (bone) - Transport (blood) - immune protection (blood) - |
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Characteristics of Connective Tissue
1. Cells - types (where) - orientation - position in ECM 2. Extracellular Matrix (ECM) - Protein Fibers (function and make-up) - Ground Substance (make-up) |
C:
-Fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteocytes, erythrocytes, chondrocytes, etc. - cells are not in direct contact with each other - cells float in ECM (non-living tissue) ECM: -Protein Fibers offer strength and support - Collagen, elastic, and reticular - Ground Substance are molecules of protein, carbs, and water |
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Connective Tissue Proper
(cells surrounded by a non-living matrix) 1. Loose Connective Tissue - Areolar - Adipose - Reticular 2. Dense Connective Tissue - Regular - Irregular - Elastic |
- surrounding vessels, nerves, etc (blood)
- subcutaneous layer, surrounding organs (fat) - surrounding organs - tendons, ligaments (really strong in one direction - ACL) - dermis of skin (kind of strong in sideways and circular directions) - walls of large arteries (packed in) |
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SCURVY
- What's it caused by? - what type of fibers can't be formed? - What happens to mouth? - How's healing affected? - Who's it prevalent among? |
- caused by vitamin C deficiency
- Normal collagen fibers cannot be formed - Weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa - wounds and fractures don't heal well - prevalent among sailors |
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Marfan Syndrome
- Genetic abnormality - What fibers does it affect? - Overall Side effects - Traits (Physical) |
- Abnormal gene on chromosome #15
- Abnormalities in fibrillin, collagen and elastin - Causes skeletal, vision, cardio, and connective tissue abnormalities - tall and thin with long legs, arms, finger, and toes. Typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness |
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Gangrene
- Where does it most commonly effect? - What can it be caused by? most common? - Dry vs. Wet vs. Gas |
- Most commonly effects limbs, fingers and toes
- may be caused by lack of blood flow, mechanical injury, bacterial infection, or diabetes (most common). - dry gangrene & wet gangrene: how much fluid is on the outside | gas gangrene: infection is deeper than skin, in bones. smells way bad |