Anatomy - Lecture - Ch. 21

Front 1

SMALL INTESTINE

1. Lined with what epithelium?
2. What is it suspended by?
3. What are the small intestines functions? What enzymes? Nutrients?
4. What region is the duodenum? How long? What does it receive?
5. Jejunum - length?
6. Ileum - length?

Back 1

1. simple columnar epithelium
2. Suspended by the messentary proper
3. Majority of chemical digestion occurs here | bile and digestive enzymes | Nutrient absorption
4. 10 inches | receives main pancreatic duct and bile duct
5. 7.5 feet
6. 10.8 feet

Front 2

MODIFICATIONS FOR ABSORPTION

1. What do the 3 layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis) do to the shape of the intestines?
2. What are circular folds within the intestine called?
3. What do they slow?
4. What move during digestion?
5. What's the apical surface of epithelial cells called? Border?

Back 2

1. All 3 increase surface area
2. plicae circulares
3. Slows the chyme
4. Villi
5. Microvilli | brush border

Front 3

PEPTIC ULCER

1. Occurs with the erosion of what structures?
2. How many Americans diagnosed each year?
3. What happens in a perforating ulcer? Danger?
4. Peptic ulcers can be caused by over-using what drugs?
5. What's the main cause (name the bacteria)?
6. Treatment options (4)

Back 3

1. Erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa
2. 4 million diagnosed/year
3. When the entire wall is eroded | medical emergency
4. Ibuprofen and aspirin
5. Helicobacter pylori
6. Eliminating bacteria (antibiotics) | Neutralizing acid (Tums, Rolaids) | Histamine blockers (Pepcid, Zantac) | Proton-pump inhibitor (Prilosec, Nexium)

Front 4

HISTOLOGY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

1. What type of cells contain capillaries that absorb nutrients?
2. What do Goblet cells do?
3. What cells release hormones to aid in absorption?
4. Where are the submucosal glands located?
5. What do they do?

Back 4

1. Absorptive Cells
2. Secrete mucin to lubricate and protect the intestinal lining
3. Enteroendocrine cells
4. Located in the Duodenum
5. Secrete Alkaline mucus that protects acidic chyme

Front 5

HERNIAS

Describe the following Hernias

1. Hiatal Hernia
2. Inguinal Hernia
3. Umbilical Hernia
4. Femoral Hernia

Back 5

1. Stomach pushes through esophageal hiatus
2. Intestines push through inguinal canal
3. Intestines push through the rectus abdominis
4. Intestines push through the femoral triangle

Front 6

LARGE INTESTINE

1. What does it absorb?
2. What's its function?

Know what these structures are: (cecum, iliocecal valve, appendix, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal)

Back 6

1. Absorbs water & electrolytes
2. Force feces toward rectum

Front 7

SPECIAL FEATURES of LARGE INTESTINES

1. what do the Teniae coli consist of?
2. What do they maintain?

3. What are the names of the sacks or bulges?

4. What are epiploic appendages?

Back 7

1. 3 longitudinal layers of muscle
2. maintain muscle tone

3. Haustra

4. Fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

Front 8

RECTUM

1. What do rectal valves?
2. Describe development of rectal muscle
3. What can it generate?

Back 8

1. prevent feces from being passes with flatus
2. well-developed muscle
3. able to generate strong contractions

Front 9

ANAL CANAL (LABEL)

1.Describe characteristics of internal anal sphincter
2. Describe characteristics of external anal sphincter
3. How do anal sinuses secrete, and what is their function?

Back 9

1. Smooth muscle | involuntary
2. Skeletal muscle | voluntary
3. Pressure from passing fecal matter causes excess mucous to be released. This lubricates the anal canal during defecation

Front 10

LIVER

Name the four lobes

Back 10

right, left, quadrate, caudate lobes

Front 11

LIVER FUNCTIONS

1. What does it produce?
2. What does it detoxify?
3. What excess nutrients does it store?
4. Processes what substances?
5. Name the 3 blood proteins the liver makes?
6. Aids in recycling what?

Back 11

1. Produces bile
2. Detoxifies poisons, metabolites, and drugs
3. Stores excess nutrients: glycogen and vitamins
4. Processes fats and amino acids
5. Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
6. Aids in recycling RBC's

Front 12

APPENDICITIS, COLORECTAL CANCER, and CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER

Appendicitis
1. What obstructs the appendix?
2. What will happen if untreated?
3. Causes what?

Colorectal Cancer
4. Commonality among cancers
5. Most arise from what?
6. detected how?

Cirrhosis
1. What happens to cells?
2. Most common cause?
3. Causes what?
4. treatment

Back 12

1. fecal matter obstructs the appendix
2. it will swell and burst if untreated
3. Causes peritonitis

4. 2nd most common cancer
5. most arise from intestinal polyps
6. Colonoscopy

7. cells are destroyed and replaced by connective tissues
8. alcoholism
9. jaundice
10. liver transplates

Front 13

GALL BLADDER (LABEL)

1. Stores and Concentrates what?
2. Name the 5 connecting ducts
3. What are Gallstones?

Back 13

1. bile
2. left and right hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct
3. Crystallizations of cholestoral

Front 14

PANCREAS

1. What cells involved in its endocrine functions?
2. What is secreted by its endocrine functions

3. What cells involved in its exocrine functions
4. What is secreted by its exocrine function (dont need to memorize)

Back 14

1. Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans)
2. insulin and glucagon

3. acini or acinar cells
4. trypsin, chymotrypsin, etc

Front 15

DISORDERS OF THE LOWER GI TRACT

1. What causes intestinal obstruction
2. What is Inflammatory bowel disease?
3. What are its symptoms?
4. What is Viral Hepatitis?
5. What are its symptoms?

Back 15

1. Any hindrance to movement of chyme or feces through intestine
2. Periodic inflammation of intestinal wall
3. cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding
4. inflammation of the liver
5. flu-like symptoms and jaundice

Front 16

DEVELOPMENT (GI Tract)

Only need to memorize that these form as buds off of "gut tube"

Back 16

nothing