Anatomy Lecture 4

Front 1

Central Nervous System

Back 1

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 2

Periphreal Nervous System

Back 2

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves

Front 3

Sensory system (Afferent)

Back 3

Transmits info from periphery to CNS. Divided into:

Visceral Sensory-receives info from viscera

Somatic Sensory- Receives info from body wall (skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles.)

Front 4

Motor system (efferent)

Back 4

Transmits info from CNS to the rest of the body Divided into:

Autonomic motor: "involuntary" innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Somatic Motor: "voluntary" innervates skeletal muscle

Front 5

Neuron

Back 5

The structural and functional unit of the nervous system

Front 6

Dendrites

Back 6

Carry nerve impulses towards cell body

Front 7

Axon

Back 7

Carries impulses away from cell body

Front 8

Synapses

Back 8

Site of communication b/w neurons using chemical neurotransmitters

Front 9

Ganglion

Back 9

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

Front 10

Nerve

Back 10

Cable like bundle of axons

Front 11

Spinal Cord

Back 11

Mostly what we study in this class.

Exits cranium through foramen magnum, runs within vertebral canal formed by successive vertebral foramina and ends at L1/L2 vertebra

Front 12

Spinal Cord Cross Section

Back 12

Front 13

Location of Spinal Nerves

Back 13

Front 14

Herniated Disc

Back 14

Compression of spinal nerves and roots due to injured intervertebral disc.

Most common in cervical and lumbar regions

Results in pain and muscle weakness

Front 15

Naming of Spinal Nerves

Back 15

In cervical region, spinal nerves are named for the vertebrae below, every else they're named for the vertebrae above.

Front 16

Plexus

Back 16

an interconnection of fibers from multiple spinal cord levels which form new combinations of periphreal nerves.

Front 17

Somatic Pathways

Back 17

Motor fibers innervate muscles, sensory fibers innervate skin. Skin area=dermatome Muscle group=mytome

Front 18

Dermatome

Back 18

Cutaneous (skin) sensory territory of a single spinal nerve

Front 19

Myotome

Back 19

Mass of muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve

Front 20

Dermomyotome

Back 20

Refers to both Dermatome and Myotome.

Front 21

Useful spinal landmarks

Back 21

C3-neck

C7 tip of 3rd finger

T4/5- nipple

T10- umbillicus

L3-knee

S1- 5th toe

Front 22

Motor nerve damage symptoms

Back 22

Weakness

muscle atropy

twitching

paralysis

Front 23

Sensory nerve damage symptoms

Back 23

pain

sensitivity

numbness

tingling or pricking

burning

problems with positional awareness

Front 24

Somatic Reflex Arc

Back 24

Front 25

Upper Limb Muscle Compartments

Back 25

Anterior Compartment mm.=flexors

Posterior compartment mm.=extensors

Front 26

Ventral Rami of spinal nerves

Back 26

Anterior divisions-flexor. Posterior divisions-extensor

Upper and lower limbs outgrowths of vental body so innervated by VENTRAL rami

Front 27

Dermatomes of the upper limb

Back 27

Explained by embryological development, 5th wekk- limb bud. tissue innervation corresponds closely to vertebral level.

Front 28

Brachial Plexus

Back 28

A network of nerves supplying motor, sensory and sympathetic fibers to the upper limb. formed from 5 VENTRAL rami, three trunks, three anterior divisions, three posterior divisions, 5 terminal branches

Front 29

Muscle compartments of upper limb & innervations

Back 29

Anterior Humerus- musculocutaneous n. Posterior Humerus and Posterior Forearm-Radial N. Anterior forearm and Hand- Median & ulnar n.

Front 30

Branches off Lateral Cord

Back 30

Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Musculocutaneous Nerve (terminal)

Lateral root of median Nerve (terminal)

Front 31

Branches of Medial Cord

Back 31

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm

Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Ulnar Nerve (terminal)

Medial root of Median Nerve (terminal)

Front 32

Branches of Posterior Cord

Back 32

Upper subscapular Nerve

Lower subscapular nerve

Thoracodorsal (=middle subscapular) nerve

Axillary Nerve (terminal)

Radial Nerve (terminal)

Front 33

Other branches (subclavicular)

Back 33

Dorsal scapular nerve

Long thoracic nerve

suprascapular nerve

Nerve to subclavius

Front 34

Rami contributions of each terminal branch

Back 34

Musculocutaneous: C5-C7

Median: C5-T1

Ulnar: C8-T1

Radial: C5-T1

Axillary: C5-C6

Front 35

Brachial plexus UPPER root injuries

Back 35

Superior Trunk: Erb's palsy or Erb-Duchenne palsy

Injury to C5 to C6 with shoulder and biceps weakness, paralysis, or loss of sensation

Can involve C7with forearm paralysis

Dorsal and ventral root-loss of sensation & paralusis of muscles of back and upper limb.

Front 36

Brachial plexus LOWER root injuries

Back 36

Klumpke's palsy

Paralysis of C8 to T1 (someties C7 also involved)

Weakness of distal upper extremity only

Front 37

Brachial plexus COMPLETE or total nerve injury

Back 37

Erb-Klumpke's or total paralysis

Involves the complete plexus (C5-T1)

Front 38

Injury to posterior cord

Back 38

Crutch palsy; produces wrist drop, inability to extend elbow, wrist and fingers

Front 39

Erb's Palsy

Back 39

Muscles affected: Deltoid, biceps brachii, brachiradialis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor.

Injury to superior trunk