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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
5 Functions of Skeleton
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1. support body
2. attachment for sk muscles 3. protect vital organs 4. manufacture certain blood cells: hemopoiesis (bone marrow) 5. store certain chemical substances: calcium & phosphate |
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Definition of skeletal system
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forms a solid framework around which the body is built- composed of bones and cartilage
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4 Types of bones
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1. Long bone- length exceeds width
2. short bone- length equals width 3. flat bone- bone expanded into one plane (scapula) 4. irregular bone- does not fit into a category- vertebrae |
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Divisions of skeleton
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1. axial
2. appendicular 3. Other (sesamoid, ectopic) |
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What is the axial skeleton?
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occupies central axis of body
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4 parts of the axial skeleton
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1. skull and hyoid (23)
2. vertebral column (7,12,5, sacrum, coccyx) 3. ribs and sternum (25) 4. middle ear bones (6) |
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What is the appendicular skeleton?
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comprises the appendages: upper and lower limb
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Bones of the upper limb? How many?
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64
1. clavicle/collar bone 2. scapula 3. humerus 4. ulna & radius 5. carpal bones (8)-wrist 6. metacarpal bones (5) palm 7. 14 phalanges- fingers |
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Bones of lower limb? How many?
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1. hip bone
2. femur 3. patella 4. tibia and fibula 5. tarsal bones (7)-ankle 6. metatarsal (5) foot 7. phalanges (14) toes |
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Total number of bones?
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206
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11 components of Long Bone
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1. epiphysis
2. diaphysis 3. compact bone 4. spongy bone 5. periosteum 6. endosteum 7. medullary cavity 8. articular cartilage 9. articular capsule 10. epiphyseal disc 11. metaphysis |
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The two ends of a long bone which are wider than the shaft, and take part in formation of a joint
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epiphysis
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shaft of a long bone
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diaphysis
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bone laid down in concentric layers making it appear solid. This type of bone forms the outer surface of all bones and is thicker in the diaphysis and thinner at the epiphysis.
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Compact Bone
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Compact bone is thicker in what and thinner in what?
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thicker in diaphysis, thinner in epiphysis
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composed of very thin plates of bone that meet other plates of bone at various angles, leaving spaces between. Found in the epiphysis.
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Spongy bone
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Where is spongy bone found?
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epiphysis
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Connective tissue sheath composed of two layers: Outer (fibrous and place of insertion for muscles) and inner (delicate cellular layer responsible for producing growth in the diameter of bone)
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Periosteum
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What are these two layers and what do they compose?
1. tough fibrous that serves as place of insertion for muscle tendons 2. delicate cellular layer responsible for producing growth in the diameter of the bone |
1. outer layer
2. inner layer Periosteum |
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What does the inner layer of the periosteum do?
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produces growth in the diameter of the bone
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thin, cellular layer found lining the medullary cavity and the cavities of spongy bone. Its primary function is to destroy bone, thus allowing for growth in the diameter of the marrow cavity, which prevents bone from becoming too solid and heavy as it increases in size.
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Endosteum
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what two cavities does the endosteum line?
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medullary cavity and cavities of spongy bone
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What is the endosteum's primary function?
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to destroy bone to allow growth in the diameter of the marrow cavity
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cavity running the lenth of the diaphysis that contains either red marrow, yellow marrow or combinations of both
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Medullary Cavity
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What does red marrow do?
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actively forms blood cells
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What does yellow marrow do?
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develops fat cells
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Medullary cavity contains what?
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red and/or yellow marrow
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thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface of each epiphysis, resiliency of this material cushions the joint during movement
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Articular cartilage
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connects two bones together and completely encircles the joint, thus enclosing a joint or synovial cavity
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Articular capsule
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Articular capsule composed of what two layers?
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1. outer fibrous layer-continuous w/ periosteum
2. inner layer= synovial membrane: lines inside of fibrous layer, it is vascular and produces synovial fluid |
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What is the inner layer of the articular capsule called and what does it do?
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Synovial membrane: it is vascular and produces synovial fluid-fills the joint cavity, lubricates the joint, and nourishes the articular cartilage
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in embryo or a growing child, it is a cartilaginous plate located at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis that allows for growth in length of bone.
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epiphyseal disc
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where is the epiphyseal disc located
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junction of epiphysis and diaphysis
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spongy bone tissue located at the junction of the diaphysis and the epiphyseal disc. In the adult, the bony tissue of this is continuous with the epiphysis
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metaphysis
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where is the metaphysis located
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junction of diaphysis and epiphyseal disc
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What type of tissue is cartilage
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tough connective tissue
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3 characteristics of cartilage
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1. lacks nerves
2. lacks blood vessels 3. classified via histological appearance of intercellular matrix |
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2 types of cartilage
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1. hyaline cartilage
2. fibrocartilage 3. elastic cartilage |
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cartilage with a glassy, translucent appearance
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hyaline
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What 6 places can hyaline cartilage be found?
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1. embryo
2. epiphyseal discs 3. articular surfaces 4. costal cartilages (btw. ribs and sternum) 5. larynx, trachea and bronchi (resp.) 6. nasal cartilages |
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What two places can fibrocartilage be found
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1. interpubic disc (symphysis pubis)
2. intervertebral discs (btw. vertebrae) |
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What 3 places can elastic cartilage be found?
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1. aurical (external ear)
2. auditory tube (connects ear & pharynx) 3.epiglottis (flap that keeps food from entering lungs) |