Anatomy Lab Test #2

Front 1

classify bones according to shape: long, short, flat, irregular

Back 1

long: humerus, ulna, femur

short: carpals, tarsals

flat: skull, sternum, scapula, ribs

irregular: vertebrae, mandible, pelvis

Front 2

identify structures of compact bone: osteon, central haversian canal, lacunae, canaliculi, osteocytes, lamellae

Back 2

osteon: the basic structural unit of compact bone; consists of central canal, lamellae (rings), lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi

central haversian canal: in the middle of compact bone; contains blood vessels, connective tissue, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels

lacunae: small spaces between lamellae; contain osteocytes

canaliculi: tiny canals radiating in all directions from lacunae; allow for communication between osteocytes and the passing of materials that make up the matrix

osteocytes: bone cells

lamellae: concentric rings of bone matrix that radiate out from central canal

Front 3

differentiate types of vertebrae

Back 3

cervical: 7

thoracic: 12

lumbar: 5

sacrum

Front 4

differentiate markings on vertebrae: body, foramina, spinous process, lamina, transverse processes

Back 4

Front 5

identify and differentiate types of bone cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

Back 5

osteoblasts: make bone

osteoclasts: destroy bone

osteocytes: bone cells

Front 6

know mechanism of movement for C1 and C2

Back 6

C1: atlas; supports the skull where the head attaches to the neck

C2: axis; allows the head to rotate from its support atop the C1 vertebra where the skull attaches to the neck

Front 7

know function of cartilage in between each vertebrae

Back 7

cushion and soften the forces created by walking and jumping, which might otherwise fracture the vertebrae or jar the brain

Front 8

locate the hyoid bone

Back 8

Front 9

identify regions of a long bone: epiphysis, diaphysis, compact and cancellous bone tissue, epiphyseal plate

Back 9

Front 10

differentiate true, false, and floating ribs

Back 10

true: 1-7

false: 8-10

floating: 11,12

Front 11

identify parts of the sternum: suprasternal or jugular notch, clavicular notch, sternal angle, manubrium, body, and xyphoid process

Back 11

Front 12

identify the clinical significance of the sternal angle

Back 12

marks the location of the second rib.

a doctor can count ribs and know where to listen for specific heart sounds and more.

Front 13

identify the clinical significance of the xyphoid process

Back 13

used as a landmark during CPR to know where to do chest compressions

Front 14

identify skull sutures: coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

Back 14

Front 15

identify bones of a disarticulated skeleton: carpals, tarsals, metacarpals, metatarsals, calcaneus, talus...

Back 15

Front 16

identify major bones on an articulated skeleton

Back 16

*refer to handout

Front 17

identify major bones of the cranium: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible

Back 17

Front 18

identify major foramen and features of the skull and match to function: foramen ovale, mental foramen, external auditory meatus, occipital condyles, foramen magnum, styloid process, mastoid process

Back 18

Front 19

identify pelvic structures: illium, ischium, pubis, symphysis pubis, pelvic/subpubic angle, illiac crest, acetabulum, obturator foramen, ischial tuberosity

Back 19

Front 20

differentiate male and female pelvis

Back 20

-Because the female pelvis is adapted for childbirth, it is wider than the male pelvis

-The female sacrum is wider, shorter, and less curved

Front 21

identify features of the femur: head, neck, greater trochanter, lateral/medial epicondyle, lesser trochanter

Back 21

Front 22

identify features of the tibia: medial/lateral condyle, medial malleolus

Back 22

Front 23

identify features of the fibula: head, lateral malleolus

Back 23

Front 24

identify scapula structures: acromion process, coracoid process, superior angle, inferior angle

Back 24

Front 25

identify clavicular structures: acromial end, conoid tubercle, sternal end

Back 25

Front 26

identify features of the humerus: head, greater/lesser tubercle, medial/lateral epicondyle

Back 26

Front 27

identify features of the radius: head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process

Back 27

Front 28

identify features of the ulna: head, olecranon process, styloid process, ulnar notch

Back 28

Front 29

classify joints according to type: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Back 29

Front 30

classify joints according to movement: plane, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball & socket

Back 30

Front 31

define various actions occurring at joints

Back 31

monoaxial: occurring around 1 axis

biaxial: occurring around 2 axes at right angles to each other

multiaxial: occurring around several axes

Front 32

identify structures of a synovial joint

Back 32

contains synovial fluid

Front 33

treppe

Back 33

the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation.

Front 34

temporal (wave) summation

Back 34

sensory summation that involves the addition of single stimuli over a short period of time

Front 35

incomplete tetany

Back 35

summations occur rapidly, but muscle still relaxes slightly between contractions. Muscle is stimulated again and again before it fully relaxes.

Front 36

complete tetany

Back 36

Stimuli arrive so rapidly there is NO relaxation that occurs.

Front 37

muscle fatigue

Back 37

Decreased ability to do work.

POSSIBLE CAUSES:

psychologic fatigue: ​CNS dysfunction. most common.

muscular fatigue: depletion of ATP in muscles. second most common.

synaptic fatigue: depletion of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular synapse. least common.

Front 38

length-tension relationship

Back 38

Tension is the force applied to an object to be lifted when a muscle contracts.

The initial length of a muscle has a strong influence on the amount of active tension it produces.

As the length of the muscle increases, its active tension also increases, to a point.

Front 39

explain how frequency of stimulation, voltage, and muscle stretch affect muscle tension

Back 39

all or none response: a muscle fiber or motor unit contracts with a consistent force in response to each action potential

recruitment/multiple motor unit summation: for a whole muscle, a stimulus of increasing magnitude results in graded contractions of increased force as more motor units are recruited

Front 40

explain the myofilament theory of muscle contraction

Back 40

actin and myosin myofilaments do not change in length during contraction.

actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another in a way that causes sarcomeres to shorten (cross-bridging).

the I band and H zones become narrower during contraction, and the A band remains constant in length.

Front 41

explain the role of ATP in contraction of muscles

Back 41

the binding of ATP to the cross bridge results in the cross bridge disconnecting from actin.

Front 42

list, in sequence, the steps of impulse conduction across a neuromuscular synapse

Back 42

1. influx of calcium

2. binding of myosin to actin

3. the power stroke of the cross bridge that causes the sliding of the thin filaments

4. the binding of ATP to the cross bridge results in the cross bridge disconnecting from actin

5. the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi leads to the re-energizing and repositioning of the cross bridge

6. the transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 43

muscle of respiration

Back 43

diaphragm

Front 44

insertion and origin of biceps brachii

Back 44

origin: scapula

insertion: radius