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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carotid Canal
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What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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External Occipital Protuberance
Confluence of sinuses |
What is this structure and what does this structure contain on the interior of skull
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Hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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Hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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Hypoglossal canal
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What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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Sella turcica
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Hypophysial Fossa of the sella turcica
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(name it back)
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Dorsum sellae of the sella turcica
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(name it back)
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Mandibular Branch of Trigeminal Nerve
CNS connection: • Pons (principal sensory and motor nuclei of trigeminal nerve) • Medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve) Cranial foramina: • Foramen ovale Function: Sensory impulses from anterior tongue (not taste buds), lower teeth, skin of chin, temporal scalp. Motor fibers to and proprioceptor fibers from muscles of mastication (chewing) Comment: • Trigeminal nerve (CN V) has three divisions (nerves): ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2), and mandibular (CN V3) • General sensation includes pain, touch, and temperature • Chorda tympani nerve (branch of CN VII), which conducts taste information from anterior 2/3 of tongue and parasympathetic preganglionic axons to submandibular ganglion, joins lingual nerve |
mandibular branch
What nerve is it from? CNS connection? Cranial foramina? Function? |
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Mandibular Branch of Trigeminal Nerve
Branches: • Palatine (greater and lesser) • Pharyngeal • Nasal (including nasopalatine) • Nasopalatine • Superior alveolar • Infra-orbital • Zygomatic CNS connection: • Pons (sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve) • Medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve) Cranial foramina: • Foramen rotundum Function: Sensory impulses from nasal cavity mucosa, palate, upper teeth, skin of the cheek, upper lip, and lower eyelid Comment: • Trigeminal nerve (CN V) has three divisions (nerves): ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2), and mandibular (CN V3) • General sensation includes pain, touch, and temperature |
maxillary branch
What nerve is it from? CNS connection? Cranial foramina? Function? |
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sternohyoid muscle
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omohyoid muscle
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lateral pterygoid muscle
Action: • Protraction of mandible • Side-to-side movement of mandible (e.g., chewing) Origin: • Sphenoid bone (greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate) Insertion: • Mandible (neck) • Articular disk of temporomandibular joint Innervation: • Trigeminal nerve (mandibular division - CN V3) |
Action
Origin Insertion Innervated by |
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medial pterygoid muscle
Action: • Elevation of mandible (e.g., closing mouth) • Protrusion of mandible • Side-to-side movement of mandible (e.g., chewing) Origin: • Sphenoid bone (lateral pterygoid plate) Insertion: • Mandible (medial surface of angle and ramus) Innervation: • Trigeminal nerve (mandibular division - CN V3) |
Action
Origin Insertion Innervated by |
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mandibular foramen
Mandibular branch of Trigeminal Nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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foramen rotundum
Maxillary branch of Trigeminal Nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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foramen rotundum
Maxillary branch of Trigeminal Nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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foramen rotundum
Maxillary branch of Trigeminal Nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus Nerve, Accessory Nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus Nerve, Accessory Nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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internal occipital protuberance
Confluence of sinuses |
What is this structure and what does this structure contain
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external occipital crest
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inferior nuchal line
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optic canal
Optic nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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optic canal
Optic nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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optic canal
Optic nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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inferior oribital fissure
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superior orbital fissure
Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve, abducent nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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foramen ovale
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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foramen ovale
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Location:
• Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Innervated by: Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) passes through this opening Description: • Oval-shaped hole • Superior opening in middle cranial fossa • Inferior opening in infratemporal fossa |
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foramen ovale
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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foramen ovale
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve |
What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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pterygoid process
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foramen lacerum
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foramen lacerum
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Location:
• Middle cranial fossa Description: • Irregularly shaped opening formed by sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones • Superior opening (middle cranial fossa) • Inferior opening (base of skull) Comment: • Inferior opening is closed in living subjects by fibrocartilage • Internal carotid artery enters posterior wall and ascends into middle cranial fossa |
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foramen lacerum
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vomer
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vomer
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vomer
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trigeminal nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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trochlear nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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oculomotor nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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sternohyoid
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sternohyoid
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omohyoid
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omohyoid
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lateral pterygoid
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lateral pterygoid
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Action:
• Protraction of mandible • Side-to-side movement of mandible (e.g., chewing) Origin: • Sphenoid bone (greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate) Insertion: • Mandible (neck) • Articular disk of temporomandibular joint Innervation: • Trigeminal nerve (mandibular division - CN V3) |
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medial pterygoid
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lacrimal foramen
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oculomotor nerve
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Location:
• Middle cranial fossa • Orbit Composition: • Motor • Parasympathetic Motor: • Medial rectus muscle • Superior rectus muscle • Inferior rectus muscle • Inferior oblique muscle • Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Parasympathetic: • Pupillary sphincter muscle (constriction of pupil) • Ciliary muscle (permits lens to thicken for accommodation) CNS connection: • Midbrain (oculomotor and accessory oculomotor nuclei) Cranial foramina: • Superior orbital fissure Comment: • Rectus and oblique muscles are extrinsic eye (extra-ocular) muscles • Postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies located in ciliary ganglion in the orbit |
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trochlear nerve
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Location:
• Middle cranial fossa • Orbit Composition: • Motor Motor: • Superior oblique CNS connection: • Midbrain (nucleus of trochlear nerve) Cranial foramina: • Superior orbital fissure Comment: • Oculomotor nerve (CN III) and abducens nerve (CN VI) innervate remaining five extrinsic (extra-ocular) eye muscles |
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trigeminal nerve
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Location:
• Middle cranial fossa Composition: • Ophthalmic nerve: general sensation • Maxillary nerve: general sensation • Mandibular nerve: motor and general sensation Motor: • Muscles of mastication (mandibular nerve) • Mylohyoid (mandibular nerve) • Anterior belly of digastric (mandibular nerve) • Tensor tympani (mandibular nerve) • Tensor veli palatini (mandibular nerve) General sensation: • Ophthalmic nerve: skin of superior face (forehead, scalp, and upper eyelid), eye, mucosa of anterior nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal) • Maxillary nerve: skin of middle face (cheek, upper lip, and lower eyelid), maxillary teeth and gingiva (gums), mucosa of palate, posterior nasal cavity, and maxillary sinus • Mandibular nerve: skin of inferior face (mandible, cheek, and lower lip), temple, mucosa lining cheek, mandibular teeth and gingiva (gums), and anterior 2/3 of tongue Sensory ganglion: • Trigeminal CNS connection: • Pons (principal sensory and motor nuclei of trigeminal nerve) • Medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve) Cranial foramina: • Ophthalmic nerve: superior orbital fissure • Maxillary nerve: foramen rotundum • Mandibular nerve: foramen ovale Comment: • Trigeminal nerve (CN V) has three divisions (nerves): ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2), and mandibular (CN V3) • General sensation includes pain, touch, and temperature • Trigeminal ganglion also known as semilunar ganglion • also known as CN V |
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abducent nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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abducent nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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abducent nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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abducent nerve
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Location:
• Middle cranial fossa • Orbit Composition: • Motor Motor: • Lateral rectus muscle CNS connection: • Pons (abducens nucleus) Cranial foramina: • Superior orbital fissure Comment: • also known as CN VI |
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facial nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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facial nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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facial nerve
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Location:
• Posterior cranial fossa • Facial canal • Middle ear • Face • Infratemporal fossa • Oral cavity Composition: • Motor • General sensation • Special sensation • Parasympathetic Motor: • Muscles of facial expression • Posterior belly of digastric muscle • Stylohyoid muscle • Stapedius muscle General sensation: • Small area of skin of auricle of ear Special sensation: • Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue • Taste from palate Parasympathetic: • Lacrimal gland • Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands • Mucous glands of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and palate CNS connection: • Motor: pons (motor nucleus of facial nerve) • General sensation: medulla oblongata (spinal trigeminal nucleus) • Special sensation: medulla oblongata (nucleus of solitary tract) • Parasympathetic: medulla oblongata (superior salivatory nucleus Sensory ganglion: • Geniculate Cranial foramina: • Internal acoustic meatus • Pterygomaxillary fissure • Stylomastoid foramen Also known as: • CN VII Comment: • Special sensory and parasympathetic axons, together, form the chorda tympani nerve • Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies located in pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia |
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vestibulocochlear nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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vestibulocochlear nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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vestibulocochlear nerve
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Location:
• Posterior cranial fossa • Petrous portion of temporal bone Composition: • Special sensation Special sensation: • Hearing (cochlea) • Balance (semicircular canals and vestibule) Sensory ganglion: • Cochlear (spiral) ganglion (cochlear part of CN VIII) • Vestibular ganglion (vestibular part of CN VIII) CNS connection: • Pons (vestibular nuclei) • Medulla oblongata (cochlear and vestibular nuclei) Cranial foramina: • Internal acoustic meatus Comment: • Special sensation includes smell, vision, taste, hearing, and balance • has two distinct functional components: vestibular (balance) and cochlear (hearing) • also known as CN VIII |
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vestibulocochlear nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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Location:
• Posterior cranial fossa • Neck Composition: • Motor • General sensation • Special sensation • Parasympathetic Motor: • Stylopharyngeus muscle General sensation: • From middle ear, posterior 1/3 of tongue, and pharynx Special sensation: • Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue Sensory ganglion: • Superior and inferior ganglia of glossopharyngeal nerve Parasympathetic: • Parotid gland CNS connection: • Motor: medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguus) • General sensation: medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve) • Special sensation: medulla oblongata (nucleus of solitary tract) • Parasympathetic: medulla oblongata (inferior salivatory nucleus) Cranial foramina: • Jugular foramen Comment: • Has two sensory ganglia (superior and inferior) on nerve in jugular foramen • Glossopharyngeal nerve also conducts visceral afferent (sensory) impulses from carotid sinus (monitors blood pressure) and carotid body (monitors blood oxygen and carbon dioxide) • Postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies located in otic ganglion in infratemporal fossa • also known as CN IX |
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vagus nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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vagus nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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vagus nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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vagus nerve
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Location:
• Posterior cranial fossa • Head • Neck • Thorax • Abdomen Composition: • Motor • General sensation • Special sensation • Parasympathetic Motor: • Muscles of palate • Muscles of pharynx • Intrinsic muscles of larynx General sensation: • Thoracic and abdominal viscera • Epiglottis and laryngopharynx • External acoustic meatus Special sensation: • Taste from epiglottis and surrounding region Parasympathetic: • Mucous glands of respiratory and digestive systems in neck (pharynx and larynx), thorax, and abdomen • Smooth muscle of respiratory and digestive systems in neck (pharynx and larynx), thorax, and abdomen • Cardiac muscle CNS connection: • Motor: medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguus) • General sensation: medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve) • Special sensation: medulla oblongata (nucleus of solitary tract) • Parasympathetic: medulla oblongata (dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve) Cranial foramina: • Jugular foramen Comment: • General sensation from thoracic and abdominal viscera only involves stretch (e.g., distention of stomach) • General sensation from epiglottis and laryngopharynx includes pain, touch, and temperature • Vagus nerve also innervates carotid and aortic bodies • Parasympathetic impulses from CNS to effector organ involve two neurons in series (preganglionic and postganglionic) • Only cranial nerve that extends beyond head and neck • also known as CN X |
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accessory nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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accessory nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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accessory nerve
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What is this structure and foramen does it pass through
What is its function |
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accessory nerve
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Location:
• Vertebral canal (spinal root only) • Posterior cranial fossa • Neck Composition: • Motor Motor: • Cranial part: joins vagus nerve (CN X) to distribute to muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini), pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), and larynx (intrinsic muscles) • Spinal part: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid CNS connection: • Cranial root: medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguous) • Spinal root: ventral horn of C1-4 spinal cord Cranial foramina: • Foramen magnum (spinal root only) • Jugular foramen Comment: • Cranial and spinal roots unite in jugular foramen to form accessory nerve • Cranial part of accessory nerve joins vagus nerve (CN X) and is distributed along its branches to muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx • known as CN XI |
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ophthalmic nerve
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Location:
• Middle cranial fossa • Orbit • Nasal cavity • Face Composition: • General sensation General sensation: • Skin of superior face (forehead, scalp, and upper eyelid) • Dorsum and tip (apex) of nose • Eye • Mucosa of anterior nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal) Sensory ganglion: • Trigeminal Branches: • Frontal • Nasociliary • Lacrimal CNS connection: • Pons (principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve) • Medulla oblongata (spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve) Cranial foramina: • Superior orbital fissure Comment: • Trigeminal nerve (CN V) has three divisions (nerves): ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2), and mandibular (CN V3) • General sensation includes pain, touch, and temperature • Trigeminal ganglion also known as semilunar ganglion • also known as CN V1 |
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white matter of the spinal cord
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(name it back)
Location: • Outer layer of spinal cord Description: • Ascending and descending bundles (tracts) of myelinated axons Comment: • Spinal cord composed of inner core of gray matter and outer coat of white matter (opposite of brain) |
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gray matter of the spinal cord
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(name it back)
Location: • "Core" of spinal cord Description: • Unmyelinated nervous tissue shaped like the letter "H" • Limbs of "H" are termed ventral horns and dorsal horns • Collections of neuronal cell bodies neuronal cell processes, and glial cells • Ventral horns associated with motor neurons • Dorsal horns associated with sensory neurons Comment: • Spinal cord composed of inner core of gray matter and outer coat of white matter (opposite of brain) |
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ventral root
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What is this structure and what is its function
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ventral root
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What is this structure and what is its function
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sympathetic ganglion
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What is this structure and what is its function
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ventral root
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What is this structure and what is its function
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dorsal root
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What is this structure and what is its function
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dorsal root ganglion
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What is this structure and what is its function
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spinal nerve
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What is this structure and what is its function
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dorsal ramus
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What is this structure and what is its function
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ventral ramus
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What is this structure and what is its function
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ramus communicans
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What is this structure and what is its function
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sympathetic ganglion
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What is this structure and what is its function
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sympathetic ganglion
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Location:
• vertebral column (ventrolateral aspect) Description: • Location of postganglionic sympathetic neuronal cell bodies • 22 pairs of ganglia connected by interganglionic segments • Superior cervical ganglion at superior end of sympathetic trunk • Ganglion impar is most inferior ganglion Also known as: • Paravertebral ganglion |
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sympathetic trunk
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What is this structure and what is its function
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sympathetic ganglion
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What is this structure and what is its function
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superior (cervical) ganglion
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What is this structure and what is its function
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central canal
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What is this structure and what is its function
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conus medullaris
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vertebral artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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vertebral artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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vertebral artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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vertebral artery
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Course:
• Paired vessel ascends through neck, via transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae • Enters cranial cavity via foramen magnum Distribution: • Brain • Spinal cord • Vertebral column Branches: • Posterior inferior cerebellar • Spinal arteries • Continues as basilar artery (formed by union of right and left vertebral arteries) Comment: • Large arteries do not by themselves supply structures, but do so through their branches |
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basilar artery
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Origin:
• Junction of paired vertebral arteries Course: • Unpaired (midline) vessel ascends on anterior (ventral) surface of pons Distribution: • Pons • Cerebellum Branches: • Pontine • Anterior inferior cerebellar • Superior cerebellar • Posterior cerebral |
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posterior cerebral artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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internal carotid artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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internal carotid artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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middle cerebral artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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anterior cerebral artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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anterior cerebral artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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anterior communicating artery
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What is this structure and what does it supply
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superior sagittal sinus
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Comment:
• Unpaired, dural venous sinus • Contains arachnoid granulations for return of cerebrospinal fluid to venous circulation • Dural venous sinuses are endothelial-lined channels between layers of dura mater |
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pedicle
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Comment:
• Adjacent ___________ contribute to each intervertebral foramen |
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lamina
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lamina
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Description:
• Paired plates that form dorsal wall of vertebral canal • Connects pedicle to spinous process Comment: • Atlas (C1 vertebra) does not have ________ |
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spinous process
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transverse process
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(dens)
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transverse process
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(lumbar)
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transverse process
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(thoracic)
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superior articular process of the cervical vertebrae
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superior articular process of the lumbar vertebrae
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superior articular process of the thoracic vertebrae
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superior articular facet of the cervical vertebrae
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superior articular facet of the thoracic vertebrae
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Axis
inferior articular process |
What is this bone and what is this structure
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inferior articular process of the cervical vertebrae
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inferior articular process of the lumbar vertebrae
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Atlas
vertebral foramen |
What is this bone and what is this structure
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intervertebral foramen
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vertebral canal
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vertebral canal
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Comment:
• Contains spinal cord, meninges, spinal nerve roots, blood vessels, and fat |
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intervertebral disc
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anterior longitudinal vertebral ligament
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anterior longitudinal vertebral ligament
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posterior longitudinal vertebral ligament
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nuchal ligament
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ligamentum flavum
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intertransverse ligament
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ligament placed between transverse processes
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Atlas
transverse foramen |
What is this bone and what is this structure
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Axis
transverse foramen |
What is this bone and what is this structure
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transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae
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cervical vertebrae
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bifid spinous process
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What is this bone and what is this structure
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posterior tubercle of atlas
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(name it back)
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fovea dentis of atlas
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(name it back)
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fovea dentis
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what is the facet for dens
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axis
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inferior costal facet of a thoracic bone
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(name it back)
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superior costal facet of a thoracic bone
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(name it back)
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costal facet of transverse process of a thoracic bone
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(name it back)
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base of sacrum
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(name it back)
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ala of sacrum
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(name it back)
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median sacral crest
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superior articulating process of sacrum
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(name it back)
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anterior sacral foramen
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sacral cornua
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sacral cornua
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lateral borders of sacral hiatus
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auricular surface
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coccyx
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coccygeal cornua
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costal tubercle
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manubrium
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clavicular notch
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where clavicle sits in sternum
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sternal angle
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lateral costotransverse ligament
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lateral costotransverse ligament
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connects costal tubercle to transverse process
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radiate costovertebral ligament
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what connects head of rib to vertebral facet
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radiate (costovertebral) ligament
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iliocostalis
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longissimus
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spinalis
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splenius capitis
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sternocleidomastoid
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sternocleidomastoid
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sternocleidomastoid
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sternocleidomastoid
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anterior scalene
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anterior scalene
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anterior scalene
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middle scalene
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middle scalene
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posterior scalene
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diaphragm
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transverse abdominis
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holds internal organs together
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superior oblique
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is innervated by the trochlear nerve
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lateral rectus
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is innervated by the abducent nerve
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pineal body
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superior colliculus
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inferior colliculus
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tuber cinerum
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- hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm
- part of hypothalamus |
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infundibulum
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infundibulum
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Location:
• Ventral surface of diencephalon (hypothalamus) at midline Description: • Contains hypothalamo-hypophysial tract • Contains hypothalamo-hypophysial portal vein that carries hypophysiotropic hormones to the anterior pituitary Function: • Transmits antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin through hypothalamo-hypophysial tract to posterior pituitary |
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pituitary body
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Location:
• Midline of middle cranial fossa • Rests in hypophysial fossa of sphenoid bone Description: • Small, oval bilobed endocrine gland • Two functional lobes: anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) • Connected by infundibulum to hypothalamus Function: • Anterior pituitary produces the following hormones: thyroid-stimulating (TSH), prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), growth (GH), luteinizing (LH), melanocyte-stimulating (MSH), and follicle-stimulating (FSH) • Posterior ______ stores and releases: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) |
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pineal gland
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Location:
• Diencephalon (epithalamus) Description: • Pea-sized endocrine gland • Attached to roof of third ventricle Function: • Secretes melatonin (involved in sleep/wake cycles) • Modified activity in endocrine organs (pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid, suprarenal, and gonads) |
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Ethmoid
Frontal Lacrimal Maxilla Palatine Sphenoid Zygomatic |
bones that make up the orbit
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posterior communicating artery
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trochlear nerve
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middle cerebellar peduncle
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#1
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superior cerebellar peduncle
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#2
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inferior cerebellar peduncle
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#3
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trochlear nerve
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#22 (nerve)
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thalamus
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mammilary body
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olive of the medulla oblongata
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(name it back)
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Occipital sinus
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Depressor anguli oris
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Digastric muscle
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Stylohyoid muscle
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Geniohyoid muscle
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Insular lobe
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Transverse groove
Transverse sinus |
What is this structure and what is associated with this structure
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Sigmoid groove
Sigmoid sinus |
What is this structure and what is associated with this structure
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Superior orbital fissure
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What is this structure and what passes through this structure
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Medulla oblongata
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Autonomic reflex center; cardiovascular center; involved in respiratory control
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Sacral hiatus
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