Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the two layers that make up skin. |
Epidermis (Outer) and Dermis (Deepest Layer) |
|
What is the epidermis composed of? What is the function? |
Keritanized Stratified Squamous Epithelium- Keratin isa hydrophobic protein that helps to waterproof the skin |
|
Name the layers of the Epidermis |
Can Lucy Go Swim Backwards Corneum Lucidum Granulosum Spinosum Basale |
|
Stratum Corneum |
The most superficial layer of the epidermis composed of dead keratin cells that waterproof the skin |
|
Stratum granulosum |
The very thin layer of cells in which the cells have lost their nucleus, below the most superficial layer of the skin Function:Exocytosis of lipids for waterproofing |
|
Stratum Spinosum |
The fourth deepest layer of the epidermis that have spiny like appearing cells, and keratinization occurs in this layer. |
|
Stratum Basale |
The deepest regenerative layer of the epidermis, consisting of a single layer of cells that are attached to the dermis by the basement membrane and alive and dividing. |
|
How often does the skin replenish itself? |
Every 6 to 8 weeks |
|
Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes? what are they? |
They are in the basal layer and are Specialized cells that produce a brown colored pigment known as melanin to protect from UV radiation |
|
Name the 2 layers of the dermis. |
Papillary layer and reticular layer |
|
Papillary Layer |
The most superficial layer of the dermis in which the dermal papillae which are upward projections of the dermis that fit with the downward projections of the epidermis |
|
What does the dermis contain? |
Blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, hair follicles, and glands. |
|
Stratum Lucidum |
ONLY PRESENT IN THICK SKIN The light colored layer of the epidermis that is a layer of dead cells that contain a precursor protein to keratin. |
|
What are the two structures responsible for light touch? where are they located? |
Meissners corpsucle (Superficial Dermis) and Merkel Discs (Superficial and deep dermis as well as hair follicles) |
|
What is the structure responsible for deep touch? Where are they located? |
Pacinian Corpuscles, located Deep in the dermis |
|
Hypodermis |
Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it is found deep to the dermis and contains a vast vascular supply |
|
What is the hypodermis composed of? |
Dense irregular connective tissue |
|
Sudoriferous Glands |
Sweat Glands |
|
What are sweat glands composed of? |
Simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Name the two types of Sudoriferous glands. |
Eccrine (Merocrine) glands and Apocrine Glands |
|
What do Apocrine glands do? |
Secrete water, lipids and proteins that are broken down by bacteria and cause body odor |
|
Eccrine Glands |
Temperature sensitive glands that produce sweat in order to cool the body using evaporative heat loss |
|
Sebaceous Gland |
Oil glands that are often associated with hair follicles and are much larger than sweat glands, they release sebum, which helps to lubricate the hair and provide a waterproofing function |
|
Name the parts of hair |
Shaft, root, hair bulb, |
|
What are hair follicles? |
projections of the epidermal layers into the dermis |
|
Hair Shaft |
The part that comes out of the skin surface |
|
Hair root |
The deep component of the hair that is enclosed by the follicle |
|
Hair bulb |
Actively growing part of the hair |
|
What is determinant hair? |
Hair that grows to a specific length then stops |
|
How does hair stand up? |
With the contraction of the piliorector muscles next to the hair follicle, which are smooth muscle and involuntary |
|
What are nails? |
An extension of the stratum corner of the epidermis that occur on the distal end of fingers and toes |
|
Nail Root |
The area of the nail that grows and is found underneath the cuticle |
|
Nail Bed |
Underneath the nail body |
|
Lunule |
Small white crescent looking structure that is found at the base of the nail |
|
Hyponychium |
Portion under the free edge of nail |
|
Name the two main divisions of the skeletal system. |
The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton |
|
What does the axial skeleton contain? |
Skull, hyoid, veterbral column, ribs, and the sternum ( notice these are found along the central axis of the body. |
|
What does the appendicular skeleton contain? |
The pectoral Girdle (Upper extremities) and the pelvic girdle (Lower Extremities) |
|
How many bones does a young adult have? |
Approximately 206 |
|
Why are less bones found as humans age? |
Because some bones fuse |
|
what are chondyles and heads? |
Locations where bone articulates with another bone |
|
Name the projections in which muscle can attach to bone (3) |
Tubercles, spines, trochanters |
|
What are depressions in bones for? |
For blood vessels and nerves to pass through |
|
Name the parts of the skull |
Frontal Bone- Forehead Maxilla- upper jaw Mandible- lower jaw Parental Bone- Top back of skull Occipital Bone-very back of skull |
|
Name the parts of the pectoral girdle |
Clavicle- collar bone Scapula- Shoulder blade |
|
Name the parts of the thoracic cage |
Sternum- center of chest Ribs Costal Cartilages- floating ribs |
|
What are the bones of the arm? |
Upper arm- humerus Forearm- Ulna & Radius |
|
What are the spine bones called? |
Vertebral column |
|
Name the parts of the pelvis |
Hip Bones Sacrum Coccyx- tail bone |
|
Knee bone |
Patella |
|
Name the bones of the femoral and crural regions |
Femur- Thigh Fibula(Calf) &Tibia(Shin) |
|
What is bone composed of? |
Organic and inorganic material Organic- collagen fibers and cells inorganic- Calcium phosphate salt |
|
Name the parts of long bones. |
Distal end- Epiphyses Middle Shaft- diaphysis Articular cartilage- End of bone to reduce friction |
|
What is an epiphyseal plate? |
A growth plate made of hyaline cartilage |
|
Medullary cavity |
Internal hollowed out structure in bones where bone marrow is housed |
|
Compact bone |
Bone found on the outside of bone |
|
Spongy Bone |
Found on the inner portion os bones with trabecular that are oriented in the direction of stress on the bone |
|
Nutrient Foramina |
Small holes in the Diaphysis (shaft) of long bones that allow the passage of blood vessels into and out of the bone |
|
Periosteum |
Dense connective tissue sheath on the outside surface of bone where blood vessels and nerves are found. Function: Serves as attachment for tendons and ligaments |
|
What do tendons do? What do ligaments do? |
Tendons- attach muscles to bones Ligaments-Serve to attach one bone to another bone |
|
Endosteum |
Liner of the inner surface of bone |
|
What are the five main shapes of bones? |
Long, short, flat, sesamoid(Kneecap), irregular |
|
Osteons |
Modular units that bones are organized into |
|
What are the parts of osteons? |
Central canal, lamellae, and lacunae. |
|
What are the three main bone cells? |
Osteo blasts:Cells from stem cells "Bone builders" Osteocytes: Mature cells that send signals of stress to the bone Osteoclasts: Fusion of stem cells and bone to for cells that breakdown bone (Multinucleated) |
|
Name the parts of the scapula |
Three borders- Superior border, medial border, and a lateral border Superior border includes:Scapular notch (Indentation) Sub scapular Fossa Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Inferior angle Superior angle Glenoid Fossa Infraglenoid tubercle |
|
What does the scapular notch do? |
Allows for nerve innervation |
|
Name the different projections from the bone surface |
Process, Tubercle, tuberosity,spine,condyle,epicondyle,head, neck, crest, line , facet, trochanter, ramus |
|
Name the depressions or holes in the bone surface. |
Foramen, Sinus, Meatus of canal,Fossa, Notch, Groove or sulcus, Fissure |
|
Name the bones of the clavicle |
Conoid tubercle Acromial End (Articulates with shoulder) Sternal End (Articulates with sternum) |
|
Name the parts of the humerus |
Head Epiphyseal line/plate Greater and lesser tubercles Intertubercular sulcus Surgical Neck Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid foss NUTRIENT FORAMEN Capitulum Trochlea Lateral epicondyle |
|
Which bone of the forearm is medial? |
The ulna |
|
Name the parts of the radius |
Proximal head Radial Tuberosity Styloid Process Ulnar Notch |
|
Where does the radius and ulna join? |
The ulnar notch |
|
Name the parts of the ulna |
Trochlear Notch Olecranon Process(Elbow ) Coronoid Process Styloid ProcessRadial Notch |
|
Name the three groups of bones in each hand |
Carpals, Metacarpals, and the phalanges |
|
Name the bones of the Carpal |
He Pulls His Tongue Left To Take Capsules Smoothly Hamalus of hamate Pisiform Hamate Triquetrum Lunate Trapezoid Trapezium Capitate Scaphoid |
|
Name the bones of the pelvic girdle |
Iliac crest Ilium Anterior and Posterior iliac spine Anterior inferior Iliac spine Greater and lesser Sciatic Notch Acetabulum Spine of Ischium Ischial Tuberosity Obturator Foramen Ramus of Ischium Superior and inferior ramus of pubis |
|
Name the parts of the femur |
Head Fovea capitis Greater and lesser Trochanters Intertrochanter crest Anterior intertrochanteric line Patellar surface Linea aspera Gluteal tuberosity Medial and Lateral Condyles Adductor tubercle |
|
What is the name of the patella? Name the parts |
The sesamoid bone |