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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Innate Immunity
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Immunological defenses against pathogens a person is born with
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Adaptive immunity
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Specific recognition of invaders with a memory component
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Immunity
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Ability to ward off damage or disease through defenses
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Innate or nonspecific immunity
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No specific recognition of invaders, no memory component
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Functions of the lymphatic system
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Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, carry out immune responses
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Lymphatic vessels begin as
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lymphatic capillaries
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Lymphatic vessels unite to form ______ that resemble _______ but have _________
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larger lymphatic vessels; veins; thinner walls and more valves
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Lymphatic vessels pass through
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lymph nodes
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All lymphatic vessels unite to form
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lymph trunks
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Passes from lymph trunks to 2 main channels before draining into venous blood:
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Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than returns to them; the excess fluid drains in _______ and becomes _______
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lymphatic vessels; lymph
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One important function of lymphatic vessels is to return _________
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lost plasma proteins to the blood stream
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The flow of lymph contains _________ valves that use the same pumps that aid _________
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one-way; venous return
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Lymphatic tissues and organs are classified based on
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Function
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What are primary lymphatic organs?
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Sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent; red bone marrow and thymus
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What are secondary lymphatic organs?
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Sites where most immune response occurs; lymph nodes and spleen.
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Lymph enters a node through ______ lymphatic vessels
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Afferent
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Lymph nodes act as a filter by
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Trapping foreign substances and destroying them by macrophages or immune response to lymphocytes
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The largest single mass of lymphatic tissue is the
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spleen
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Hormones help regulate:
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Extracellular fluid, metabolism, contraction of muscles, and glandular secretion
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What are the endocrine glands and what do they do?
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Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal. They secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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Some endocrine organs secrete hormones as a 2nd function :
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Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, kidneys, and liver
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The two master endocrine glands are the ______. Why are they master endocrine glands?
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hypothalamus and pituitary glands. Because their hormones control other endocrine glands
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Hypothalamus receives input from the
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Cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and internal organs
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Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by ______ and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of ______
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Thyrotroph cells; T3 and T4
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Luteinizing Hormone stimulates _______ in females and ________ in males
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The secretion of estrogen and secretion of progesterone; testosterone
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Prolactin produces
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Milk
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Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone stimulates
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Cells of the adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids
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The posterior pituitary gland releases two neurotransmitters that enter capillaries:
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Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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Antidiuretic hormone is also known as _______ and its functions are to ____
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Vasopressin; Decrease urine production, decrease sweating, and increase blood pressure
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A thyroid lobe is found on each side of the ______ and its blood supply is ________
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Trachea; rich
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Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are called ______ cells and are responsible for ________
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Follicular; metabolic rate, synthesis of protein, breakdown of fats, and use of glucose for ATP production
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Calcitonin is produced by the ______, is known as a _______ cell, and is responsible for _______
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Thyroid; parafollicular; building of bone and stops reabsorption of bone
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The parathyroid glands are ___ pea-sized glands found_____
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4; on the back of the thyroid gland
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The parathyroid hormone functions to _______, the opposite function of ________
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Raise blood calcium levels; calcitonin
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The adrenal glands produce __ different types of hormones
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three
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In the adrenal glands, the _____ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Medulla
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In the pancreatic islets, what are the four types of cells?
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Alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, and f cells
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In the pancreatic islets, alpha cells produce
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Glucagon
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In the pancreatic islets, beta cells produce
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Insulin
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In the pancreatic islets, delta cells produce
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somatostatin
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In the pancreatic islets, F cells produce
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pancreatic polypeptide
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The ovaries produce
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Estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin
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Diabetes mellitus is marked by
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hyperglycemia
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Polyuria
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excessive urine
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polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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Polyphagia
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excessive eating
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Antibodies are
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proteins known as immunoglobulins
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