Anatomy Ii: Neck (Some Back)

Front 1

carotid sheath consists of

Back 1

vagosympathetic trunk, carotid artery

Front 2

______ vein (of neck) is not in horse or donkey, but is found dog and cat

Back 2

internal jugular vein is not present horse or donkey (like there is in the dog)

Front 3

Name boundaries of jugular vein

Back 3

External jugular vein in jugular groove:
- bordered dorsally by cleidomastoideus m. (part of brachiocephalicus)
- bordered ventrally by the sternocephalicus
- medially by the omohyoideus, which seperates it from carotid sheath
- is covered by the cutaneous colli m. which is why venipuncture is done in cranial neck

Front 4

what should superficial cervical lymph node never be called in donkey and horse?

Back 4

Never say "prescapular", only superficial cervical lymph node

Front 5

_____ muscle is most developed in horse, runs over supraspinatus muscle

Back 5

Subclavius muscle is most developed in horse and goat; it is a pectoral muscle, runs over supraspinatus m.
~it is small in cow, absent in carnivores

Front 6

what does sternocephalicus m. in horse extend to and from?

how does structure of sternocephalicus m. vary among species?

Back 6

extends from sternum to head

how does structure of sternocephalicus m. vary among species?
NOT divided in pig, horse, sheep

but divided in carnivore, ox, goat

Front 7

What is sternocephalicus m. called in horse?
specific name(s)

What is sternocephalicus m. called in cow and goat?
specific name(s)

Back 7

sternomandibularus m.


sternomastoid m.
sternomandibularis m.

Front 8

What parts of brachiocephalicus m. present in horse?
specific name(s)

Back 8

cleiodomastoideus is the upper part of the brachiocephalicus

lower portion known as cleidobrachialis

Front 9

Name 2 extrinsic m. of thoracic. limb that are inseparable in horse?

Back 9

● Brachiocephalicus (outer) overlaps omotransversarius (inner)

Front 10

Carotid sheath in horse? what is in it?

Back 10

The Carotid sheath
( i). Common carotid
(ii). Vagosympathetic trunk

NO INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN IN THE HORSE.

Front 11

what is in visceral space of neck?


what are ventral boundaries of visc.space?

Back 11

trachea, esophagus,
Carotid sheath (common carotid, vagosympathetic trunk)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Tracheal duct

ventral boundaries:
Strap muscles (sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus)

Front 12

"Prime mover" (advancing) of thoracic limb in horse?

Back 12

● brachiocephalicus

(omotransversarius m. is adjuvant or assists brachiocephalicus in advancing forelimb)

Front 13

○ Prime muscle of retraction (for equine forelimb)?

Back 13

● Latissimus dorsi m

Front 14

Name parts of rhomboideus m. in horse:

Back 14

○ cervical and thoracic parts
○ no capitus part like in dog

○ located under (deep to) trapezius m.

Front 15

Nuchal ligament in horse is divided into what two parts?

Describe location relative to each other?
Where do they attach?

Back 15

● Nuchal ligament is divided into two parts
FUNICULAR part (is above/dorsal to the laminar part)
○ arises from occipital protuberance, w/o attaching C1-2
○ paired throughout; fuses with laminar part at C3

LAMINAR part (more ventral)
○ fenestrated

from Latin funiculus, dim. of funis “a cord, rope"; and lamina means "thin sheet."

Front 16

What is the vertebral formula of a horse?

Back 16

C7, T18, L6, S5, Ca15-21

Front 17

What are the free moving regions of the vertebral column?

Where does the least amount of movement occur?

Back 17

* greater flexibility in cervical and caudal

*mov''t in thoracolumbar region is limited b/c of large transverse processes

Front 18

What are the movements of the vertebral column?

Back 18

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral flexion
Some rotation

Front 19

What are the three reasons that the thorax and lumbar region have the least amount of movement?

Back 19

Interspinous ligaments
Intertransverse ligaments
Lumbar transverse processes (synovial joints b/t 4th & 5th and 6th & sacrum
Also lumbar area is short compared to other species, interverteral disk thin

Front 20

What is the most "mobile" JOINT of the horse vertebral column and why?

Back 20

Lumbosacral joint, for transmission of propulsion from pelvic limbs to cranial part of body

Front 21

What is the proportion of weight bearing for the forelimbs and hindlimbs in the horse?

Main function of forelimbs? hindlimbs?

Back 21

55 : 45
forelimbs bear more weight b/c of large neck and head

Forelimbs – for postural function, mainly
hindlimbs – for propulsion, mainly.

Front 22

Dorsoscapular ligament:
Arises from where? Inserts where?
Identify borders?

Back 22

Formed by thoracolumbar fascia! in interscapular region! (withers), extends from *T2-T5*, and arises ventral to ligamentum nuchae and medial to rhomboideus (thoracis) muscle.

Remember T2-T5!

Front 23

What are the three layers of the dorsoscapular ligament and what do they attach to?

Back 23

Superficial layer - ribs (laterally)
Middle layer - ribs (proximally)
Deep layer - transverse processes

Front 24

What ligament inhibits spread of infection of underlying tissue, but permits craniocaudal spread of an infection?

Back 24

Dorsoscapular ligament

Front 25

Dorsoscapular ligament is part of the _______mechanism of the forelimb because of its attachment to __________?

Back 25

'concussion absorption mechanism' of the forelimb because of its attachment to TRANSVERSE processes

Front 26

What membrane must be punctured in order to get to subarachnoid space (to obtain CSF)?

Back 26

atlanto-occipital memrane
(also Dura mater & Arachnoid)

Front 27

What are the muscles of the neck in the horse?

Back 27

Cleidomastoideus (brachiocephalicus)
Sternomandibularis (sternocephalicus)
Splenius cervicis
Splenius capitis
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroideus
Longus capitis
Longus coli

Front 28

What is different in the atlanto-occipital joint of the horse compared to the dog?

Back 28

Presence of longitudinal ligament of the dens and ligament of the apex of the dens

Front 29

What is continuous (cranially) with the supraspinous ligament?
Where do they meet?

Hint: it's origin is the external occipital protuberance, and is significantly widened at the withers?

Back 29

FUNICULAR PART of ligamentum nuchae is continuous with the supraspinous ligament at *T3*

p.230 in pasquini's red book

FYI:
(supraspinous ligament extends along summits of spinous processes of caudal, sacral, lumbar and thoracic vertebrae).

Front 30

What part of the ligamentum nuchae is fenestrated ventrally, b/t C2 and C7, and attaches to the spinous processes of T1 to T4?

Back 30

Laminar part

Front 31

What are three bursa that are associated with the nuchal ligament?

Back 31

Cranial nuchal bursa
Caudal nuchal bursa
Supraspinous bursa

Front 32

What bursa lies between the funicular part of the nuchal ligament and the summit of the spinous process of T3, is congenital, and can cause fistulous withers when inflamed?

Back 32

Supraspinous bursa

Front 33

What muscle covers the external jugular vein caudoventrally?

Back 33

Cutaneous colli muscle

Front 34

What are the boundaries of the visceral space in the neck dorsally?

ventrally?

Back 34

*Longus colli and longus capitis

*strap muscles (sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus)

Front 35

What are the boundaries of the visceral space in the neck laterally?

Back 35

Omohyoideus and sternocephalicus

Front 36

What are the boundaries of the visceral space in the neck dorsally?

Back 36

Longus colli and longus capitis

Front 37

How many pairs of ribs does the horse have?

Back 37

18

Front 38

At standing position, where is the caudal angle of the scapula?


At standing position, where is the point of the elbow?

Back 38

7th rib


5th rib

Front 39

Where is the vertex of the diaphragm?

Back 39

lower part of the 6th intercostal space or 7th rib

Front 40

If the left tracheobonchial ln. is enlarged, what may happen?

Back 40

Pressure on left recurrent laryngeal nerve, roaring

Front 41

fistulous withers

Back 41

When Supraspinous bursa inflamed, and ruptures

bursa Lies between the funicular part and the summit of the spinous process of T3.

Surgical intervention at the level of a vertical line through the tuber spinae of the scapula.

Front 42

What muscle seperates external jugular vein from common carotid in cranial neck?

Back 42

omohyoideus m., only present in horse and ox

Front 43

How does the nuchal ligament differ between the ruminant and the horse?

Back 43

Horses have:
Cranial bursa
Caudal bursa
Supraspinous bursa
Ligament is paired through entire length