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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Of what does the bony thorax consist?
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Thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum
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List the osseous boundaries of the thoracic inlet.
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1st ribs, 1st sternebrae (manubrium), 1st thoracic vertebrae (or last cervical vertebra)
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What are the two major parts of a typical vertebra?
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Body and arch
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List the seven processes of a typical vertebra.
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1 spine
2 transverse processes 4 articulate processes (2 cr. and 2 ca) |
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What is an intervertebral foramen?
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Opening between adjacent vertebrae allowing passage of the spinal nn.
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With what cavities is the bony thorax associated?
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Whole thoracic cavity (2 pleural cavities) and intrathoracic part of abdomen
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What is the name of the space between two adjacent ribs?
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Intercostal space (ICS)
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List the three ways costal cartilage can terminate
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Connect to sternum, costal arch, or end free
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Which ribes end directly by their costal cartilages on the sternum?
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True ribs, 1st 9.
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Which ribs do not end by costal cartilages directly on the sternum?
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False ribs, last 4
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Of what does the bony thorax consist?
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Thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum
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List the osseous boundaries of the thoracic inlet.
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1st ribs, 1st sternebrae (manubrium), 1st thoracic vertebrae (or last cervical vertebra)
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What are the two major parts of a typical vertebra?
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Body and arch
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List the seven processes of a typical vertebra.
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1 spine
2 transverse processes 4 articulate processes (2 cr. and 2 ca) |
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What is an intervertebral foramen?
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Opening between adjacent vertebrae allowing passage of the spinal nn.
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With what cavities is the bony thorax associated?
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Bony part and costal cartilage.
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What is the name of the space between two adjacent ribs?
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Intercostal space (ICS)
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List the three ways costal cartilage can terminate
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Connect to sternum, costal arch, or end free
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Which ribes end directly by their costal cartilages on the sternum?
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True ribs, 1st 9.
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Which ribs do not end by costal cartilages directly on the sternum?
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False ribs, last 4
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What false rib's costal cartilages don't join the sternum or other costal cartilages?
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Free ribs (floating ribs and last false), only dog
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What part of the rib articulates with contiguous thoracic vertebrae?
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Head of the rib
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With what does the tubercle of a rib articulate?
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Transverse process of the same numbered vertebra
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What do the costal cartilages of the last sternal and all asternal ribs form?
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Costal arch
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What are the unpaired bones making the floor of the bony thorax?
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Sternebrae
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What are the first and last sternebrae?
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Manubrium and xiphoid process
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What is the caudal projection of the last sternebra?
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xiphoid process
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What caps the xiphoid process?
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Xiphoid cartilage
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How do ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?
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Head articulates with bodies of contiguous vertebrae and the tubercle articulates with the transverse process of same numbered
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What cervical vertebrae is directly associated with the bony thorax?
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7th: caudal costal fovea on its body for teh 1st rib
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What distinguishes all thoracici vertebrae from other vertebrae?
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Articular facets for ribs
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What thoracic vertebra usually has the most vertically oriented spine?
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Anticlinal vertebra, usually T11 in dog
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Where are the costal fovea of the vertebrae located?
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Cranial and caudal vertebral bodies and transverse processes
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How is inspiration accomplished?
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Increased size of thorax decreases pressure = air rushes in
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How do inspiratory muscles affect the thorax?
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Increase size of thorax
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How do expiratory muscles effect the thorax?
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Decrease size of thorax
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What is the main respiratory muscle?
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Diaphragm
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In inspiration, the ribs are drawn _____and ____
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Cranially and laterally
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Most muscles of the thorax have ____clinical significance?
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Little (shively)
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Name the 2 muscles extending between adjacent ribs.
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External and internal intercostal mm.
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What vessels travel deep to the transversus muscle?
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Internal thoracic a. and v.
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What is the opening into the thorax?
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Thoracic inlet.
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What forms the thoracic inlet?
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1st thoracic vertebra, right and left 1st ribs and sternum.
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What palpable structure is formed by the costal cartilages of the false ribs?
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Costal arch
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What divides the thorax into two spaces?
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Mediastinum
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Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
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2nd (3rd) to 6th (5th) intercostal space (ICS) in the bottom 2/3rds of the cavity
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What is the cylindrical tube extending form the larynx to the lungs?
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Trachea
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Where is the trachea most superficial?
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Cranial neck
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What covers the trachea in the cranial neck?
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Only strap muscles (sternohyoideus and sternthyroideus mm.)
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What are the "C" shaped hyaline cartilage rings called?
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Tracheal cartilage
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What part of the trachea splits into right and left primary bronchi?
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Tracheal bifurcation
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List the lobes of the dog's lungs.
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Right (4): Cranial, middle, caudal. accessory
Left (2): Cranial (cranial and caudal parts) and caudal |
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Where do the primary bronchus, vessels and nerves enter the lungs?
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At the hilus of the lung
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Where does the costal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the lung meet?
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Basal border of the lungs
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What arterial structure to the lungs arises from the right ventricle?
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Pulmonary trunk
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What arises from the pulmonary trunk to bring blood to the lungs?
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Pulmonary arteries
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What type of blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries?
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Unoxygenated (aa travel away from heart)
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What brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
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Pulmonary veins
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What artery supplies the tissue of the lung?
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Bronchoesophageal artery
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What separates lobes of the lungs?
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Interlobar fissures
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What is the opening between the lobes of the lung where the surgeon's pericardium comes in contact with the thoracic wall?
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Cardiac notch
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What is the continuations of the primary bronchi that ventilate one lobe?
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Lobar (secondary) bronchi
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What defines a lobe?
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Lobar or secondary bronchi supply it
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Why is the left cranial lobe divided into two parts and not two separate lobes?
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Both supplied by the same lobar (secondary) bronchi
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What thin walled sacs of the bronchial tree are for gas exchange?
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Alveoli
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What do radiologists call the pulmonary trunk?
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Main pulmonary artery / segment (MPA)
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What is the mediastinum?
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Space or wall separating the thoracic cavity into 2 cavities and thus separating 2 pleural cavities
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The mediastinum is filled by all organs of the thorax, except the _____.
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Lungs
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The mediastinum divides the _____ ______ into right and left halves
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Thoracic cavity
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What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
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Cranial, middle, and caudal (all divided into dorsal and ventral parts)
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What structures are contained in the cranial part of the mediastinum?
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Esophagus, trachea, thymus, vessels, etc.
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What structures are contained in the middle part of the mediastinum?
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Heart and sac, esophagus, and tracheal bifurcation
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What large structures are contained in the caudal mediastinum?
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Aorta, esophagus, tracheal duct
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Name the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
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Pericardium
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What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium?
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Pericardial cavity
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What do radiologists call the pulmonary trunk?
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Main pulmonary artery / segment (MPA)
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What do radiologists call the pulmonary trunk?
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Main pulmonary artery / segment (MPA)
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What is the mediastinum?
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Space or wall separating the thoracic cavity into 2 cavities and thus separating 2 pleural cavities
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What is the mediastinum?
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Space or wall separating the thoracic cavity into 2 cavities and thus separating 2 pleural cavities
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The mediastinum is filled by all organs of the thorax, except the _____.
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Lungs
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The mediastinum is filled by all organs of the thorax, except the _____.
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Lungs
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The mediastinum divides the _____ ______ into right and left halves
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Thoracic cavity
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The mediastinum divides the _____ ______ into right and left halves
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Thoracic cavity
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What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
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Cranial, middle, and caudal (all divided into dorsal and ventral parts)
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What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
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Cranial, middle, and caudal (all divided into dorsal and ventral parts)
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What structures are contained in the cranial part of the mediastinum?
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Esophagus, trachea, thymus, vessels, etc.
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What structures are contained in the cranial part of the mediastinum?
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Esophagus, trachea, thymus, vessels, etc.
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What structures are contained in the middle part of the mediastinum?
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Heart and sac, esophagus, and tracheal bifurcation
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What structures are contained in the middle part of the mediastinum?
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Heart and sac, esophagus, and tracheal bifurcation
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What large structures are contained in the caudal mediastinum?
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Aorta, esophagus, tracheal duct
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What large structures are contained in the caudal mediastinum?
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Aorta, esophagus, tracheal duct
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Name the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
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Pericardium
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Name the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
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Pericardium
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What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium?
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Pericardial cavity
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What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium?
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Pericardial cavity
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What do radiologists call the pulmonary trunk?
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Main pulmonary artery / segment (MPA)
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What is the mediastinum?
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Space or wall separating the thoracic cavity into 2 cavities and thus separating 2 pleural cavities
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The mediastinum is filled by all organs of the thorax, except the _____.
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Lungs
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The mediastinum divides the _____ ______ into right and left halves
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Thoracic cavity
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What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
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Cranial, middle, and caudal (all divided into dorsal and ventral parts)
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What structures are contained in the cranial part of the mediastinum?
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Esophagus, trachea, thymus, vessels, etc.
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What structures are contained in the middle part of the mediastinum?
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Heart and sac, esophagus, and tracheal bifurcation
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What large structures are contained in the caudal mediastinum?
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Aorta, esophagus, tracheal duct
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Name the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
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Pericardium
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What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium?
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Pericardial cavity
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What is located in the pericardial cavity?
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Scan amounts of serous fluid
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What is the thin layer of mesothelium covering the surface of the heart called?
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Visceral layer of serous pericardium or epicardium
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What connects the pericardium to the diaphragm?
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Phrenicopericardiac ligament
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List the parts of the pericardium.
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Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (visceral and parietal parts).
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What is the thin mesothelial layer lining the atria and ventricles?
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Endocardium
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What is the muscle layer making up the majority of the heart wall?
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Myocardium
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What is the mesothelium covering the surface of the heart called?
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Epicardium or serous visceral pericardium
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Name the three layers of the heart.
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Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
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With what is the endocardium continuous?
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Endothelium lining the vessels
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What are the two principle divisions of the circulatory system?
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Blood vascular and lymph vascular systems
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What makes up the blood vascular system?
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Blood, heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
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What system does the heart drive?
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Blood vascular system
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What is the definition of a vein?
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Vessel traveling toward the heart
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What vessels travel away from the heart?
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Arteries
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What are capillaries?
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Microscopic vessels exchanging oxygen and wastes with tissues
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What is intersitial fluid?
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Fluid bathing the body's cells
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Which side of the heart receives blood from the body?
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Right side (right atrium): pulmonary side
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Where does the right side of the heart send blood?
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Lungs for oxygen (pulmonary circulation)
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What empties into the left atrium, bringing oxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary veins (veins travel toward the heart)
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The left side of the heart is part of what circulation and why?
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Systemic circulation, pumps blood to body.
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The right atrium receives blood primarily through which 2 veins?
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Cranial and caudal venae cavae
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What side of the heart is the right ventricle on? Left ventricle?
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Right: cranial (right, cranial and left sides)
Left: caudal |
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What structures carry blood from the right ventricly to the lungs?
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Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
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What 2 structures carry blood from the pulmonary trunk to the lungs?
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Pulmonary arteries
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What is the structure that carries blood from the heart into the systemic circulation?
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Aorta
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What is the fetal connection from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
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Ligamentum arteriosum
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What is the most caudoventral part of the heart?
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Apex
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What is the hilus of the heart called?
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Base of the heart
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How can the chambers of the heart of the great vessels be located?
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Find chamber or vessel which identifies it.
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What are the blind pockets of each atrium characterized by pectinate muscles?
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Auricles
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Name the interdigitating, crisscrossing bands in the auricles walls.
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Pectinate mm.
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What is the adult remnant of the fetal foraman ovale?
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Fossa ovale
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What separates the atria?
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Interatrial septum
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What thin cords anchor the AV valves to the papillary muscles?
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Chordae tendinae
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Name the wall separating the 2 ventricles.
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Interventricular (IV) septum
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What muscular projections anchor the tendinous cords?
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Papillary mm.
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Which ventricle has a thinner wall and why?
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Right; less strength needed to reach lungs
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On which side of the heart is the opening into the right ventricle? The exit?
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Into: right side
Exit: Left side (wraps around cranial side) |
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The left ventricle is likened to a _____ ______, and the right to a ________
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Cylindrical pump; bellows
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What are the valves of the heart?
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Right and left atrioventricular (AV)
Aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) |
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Name the intake valves for the ventricles.
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Right AV (tricuspid), left AV (bicuspid/mitral)
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What are the valves in the AV openings called to avoid being wrong?
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Right or left AV valves instead of bi- or tri-cuspids
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What is the function of the AV valves?
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Prevent backflow into atria during ventricular contraction
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What is the function of the semilunar valves?
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Prevent return to heart during diastole
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What abnormal sounds are caused by blood flow turbulence in the heart?
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Murmurs
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What is a memory aid for the other names for the AV valves?
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Tri- before you bi- (mitral) (follow flow of blood) - right AV before left AV.
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What are the three parts of the conduction system of the heart?
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Sinatrial node (SA); atrioventricular node (AV); and atrioventricular bundle branches.
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What is the modified muscle that initiates the heart beat?
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Sinoatrial node
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What happens to the heart rate if the SA node is damaged?
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AV node takes over = slower rate.
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What are the moderator bands (trabeculae septomarginalis)?
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Bands of muscle tissue carrying Purkinje fibers from right bundle branch to the outer heart wall
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What is the term for ventricular contraction?
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Ventricular systole
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What is ventricular diastole?
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When the ventricles relax and fill up with blood
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What do the 1st and 2nd heart sounds sound like roughly?
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1st ("lub"): closure of the AV valves
2nd ("dub"): closure of the semilunar valves |
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What causes closure of the AV valves?
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Contraction of ventricles (systole)
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What causes opening of the semilunar valves?
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Contraction of ventricles (systole)
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What does the recoil of the aorta at the end of systole cause?
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Pushes blood to body and back towards the heart, closing aortic valve and filling the coronary arteries.
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Where is the esophagus located in the thorax?
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Dorsal to the trachea (thoracic inlet); dorsal to the base of the heart, dorsal to the caudal vena cava.
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How is the esophagus normally related to the arch of the aorta?
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To the right of the arch of aorta
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List the parts of the aorta?
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Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta (thoracic and abdominal parts)
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What arteries travel up the neck to supply the head and face?
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Common carotid a.
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What artery travels on the floor of the thorax?
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Internal thoracic a.
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What is the distal continuation of internal thoracic artery?
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Cranial deep epigastric a.
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What vessels and nerves travel in the intercostal spaces caudal to the ribs?
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Intercostal a., v., and n.
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Where in the intercostal spaces are the vessels locate?
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Just caudal to the ribs dorsally, and on both sides ventrally
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What huge vein passes superficially in the neck?
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External jugular v.
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What vein returns blood from the head, neck, thoracic limb and cranial part of the thoracic walls to the right atrium?
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Cranial vena cava
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What returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limb?
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Caudal vena cava
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What is the course of the right azygous vein?
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Dorsal to the aorta on right, drains into cranial vena cava or directly into right atrium
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During fetal development, the _____ supplies the fetus with its oxygen and nutrient and eliminates waste products.
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Placenta
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In the fetus, what two organs are relatively nonfunctional, therefore needing just enough blood to nourish their developing tissue?
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Lung and liver
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What artery travels on the floor of the thorax?
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Internal thoracic a.
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What is the distal continuation of internal thoracic artery?
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Cranial deep epigastric a.
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What vessels and nerves travel in the intercostal spaces caudal to the ribs?
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Intercostal a., v., and n.
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Where in the intercostal spaces are the vessels locate?
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Just caudal to the ribs dorsally, and on both sides ventrally
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What huge vein passes superficially in the neck?
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External jugular v.
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What vein returns blood from the head, neck, thoracic limb and cranial part of the thoracic walls to the right atrium?
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Cranial vena cava
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What returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limb?
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Caudal vena cava
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What is the course of the right azygous vein?
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Dorsal to the aorta on right, drains into cranial vena cava or directly into right atrium
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During fetal development, the _____ supplies the fetus with its oxygen and nutrient and eliminates waste products.
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Placenta
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In the fetus, what two organs are relatively nonfunctional, therefore needing just enough blood to nourish their developing tissue?
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Lung and liver
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What brings oxygen rich blood from the placenta to the fetus?
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One umbilical vein
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What three fetal structures bypass the lungs and liver?
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Ductus arteriosus and venosus, foramen ovale
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What allows most of the blood to bypass the liver?
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Ductus venosus (venous duct)
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Between what two structures does the ductus venosus shunt blood, thus bypassing the liver?
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Umbilical v. to caudal vena cava (2 vv)
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What are the two fetal bypasses away from the lung circulation?
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Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
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What structure shunts part of the oxygen-rich caudal vena caval blood from the right to the left atrium?
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Foramen ovale (oval foramen)
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Where does the ductus arteriosus enter the aorta?
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Distal to the brachiocephalic trunk.
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From where to where does the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale shunt blood?
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From pulmonic to systemic circulation
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What returns blood from the fetus to the placenta?
|
Paired umbilical arteries
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How does the adult circulation replace fetal circulation at birth?
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Pressure closes foramen ovale, contraction of smooth mm in other shunts and umbilical vessels closing them.
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What causes the fossa ovale to close at birth?
|
Increased pressure in the left atrium
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What caused increased pressure in the left atrium to functionally close the foramen ovale?
|
1st breath expands the lung decreasing resisitance, filling with blood which is returned to left atrium.
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What happens to the fetal circulatory structures that have no adult function?
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Gradually replaced with connective tissue = vestiges
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What is the adult remnant of the following structures?
a. Ductus arteriosus b. Foramen ovale c. Umbilical arteries d. Umbilical vein |
a. Ligamentum arteriosus
b. Fossa ovale c. Round ligament of the urinary bladder d. Round ligament of the liver |
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What glandular structure is in the cranial mediastinum of the young?
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Thymus
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In what animals can a thymus be found?
|
Young; difficult or impossible to find in adults
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What is the large lymphatic channel draining the caudal animal?
|
Thoracic duct (from abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limb)
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Where is the thoracic duct located?
|
From cisterna chyli (aortichiatus) on right to terminate in left venous angle (near external jugular v.)
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What lymph nodes are near the bifurcation of the trachea?
|
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
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What is the lymphatic structure in the cranial mediastinum?
|
Cranial mediastinal lymph node
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What is the large nerve crossing the heart to the diaphragm?
|
Phrenic n.
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What is the path of the phrenic nerve?
|
Brachial plexus, enters the thoracic inlet, then crosses the heart to the diaphragm.
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What is a branch of the vagus that returns to the neck?
|
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
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What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate? Which is clinically important in horses with roarers?
|
Most laryngeal skeletal muscles;
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. |
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What nerves supply the intercostal muscles and a lot of the thoracic wall?
|
Intercosal nn. (ventral branches of the thoracic nn)
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How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) work?
|
Without conscious effort
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What structures does the ANS regulate?
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Smooth and cardiac muscles, glands
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What is the function of the ANS?
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Maintain the homeostasis of an organism
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Autonomic functions are mainly set up by _____ ______
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Reflex arches: visceral sensory and motor nn.
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic division
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What is the "fight or flight" division of the ANS?
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Sympathetic
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Where do the two divisions of the ANS arise?
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S: thoracolumbar outflow
P: craniosacral ("para places") outflow |
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The visceral effectors of the ANS usually have a _____ innervation
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dual
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The actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions usually have _____ effects on their visceral effectors.
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Opposite
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How does the ANS differ structurally from the somatic nervous system?
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Two motor (efferent) fibers instead of one.
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What are the two motor fibers of the autonomic nervous system?
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Preganglionic and postganglionic
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Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers? Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers?
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In the nuclei of cranial nn. 3,7,9, and 10 in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord segment.
Intermediolateral gray matter of the spinal cord. |
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Where does the preganglionic fiber synapse with the postganglionic efferent fiber in relationship to the central nervous system?
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In ganglia distal to / outside of the CNS.
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The ANS, although said to be involuntary, is still controlled by _____?
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Higher centers in the brain:
Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Medulla oblongata |
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What are the neurotransmitters of the ANS?
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Acetylcholine (ACh): preganglionic for both and postganglionic for parasympathetic
Norepinephrine (NorE): postganglionic for sympathetic |
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What gland is part of the sympathetic ANS?
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Adrenal glands (medulla)
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What results from sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal gland?
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Norepinephrine (NorE) dumped into blood stream = massive sympathetic response
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Why is the parasympathetic activity more discrete than the sympathetic?
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ACh is destroyed locally, NorE is dumped into the blood stream by the adrenals
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Whay are the ANS structures in the neck?
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Vagosympathetic trunk and vertebral n.
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With what is the vagosympathetic trunk intimately associated?
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Common carotid a. in the carotid sheath
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What is the parasympathetic innervation to the head? Sympathetic?
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P -Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10
S -Postganglionic from cranial cervical ganglion. |
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What is the parasympathetic innervation to the thorax? Sympathetic?
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P - Vagus n. (cardiac and pulmonary plexuses)
S - Sympathetic trunk, cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion, ansa subclavian, middle cervical ganglion, cardiac and pulmonary plexuses |
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What is the parasympathetic innervation to the abdomen? Sympathetic?
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P - Vagus to end of the transverse colon; Pelvic n.: descending colon
S - Splanchnic nn, collateral ganglion and plexuses |
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What is the parasympathetic innervation of the pelvis? Parasympathetic?
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P - Pelvic n.
S - Hypogastric n. |
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What is the parasympathetic innervation to the thorax?
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Vagus nerve
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What branch of the vagus nerve returns to the neck?
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve
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What is the course of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves?
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Left: aroudn the arch of aorta
Right: around the right subclavian a. Both: back to larynx |
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Where are the ventral and dorsal vagal trunks located?
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Corresponding sides of esophagus
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What is the two series of connected ganglia lying on either side of the bodies of teh thoracolumbar vertebrae and logus colli muscle?
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Sympathetic trunk (chain)
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What is the star-shaped ganlion under the first rib?
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Cervicothoracic ("stellate") ganglion
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Where do the components of the vagosympathetic trunk diverge?
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Near middle cervical ganglion in the thoracic inlet.
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What structure in the neck consists of the ANS fibers going to and coming from the thorax?
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Vagosympathetic trunk
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Which way do the motor fibers travel in the vagosympathetic trunk?
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Sympathetic toward the head, vagus away from head.
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What does the parasympathetic (P) and sympathetic stimulation do to the following thoracic structures?
a. Heart b. Lungs - bronchi |
a. P - slows S - accelerates
b. P - constricts S - dilates |
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What is a serosa (serous membrane)?
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A thin, continuous membrane lining a closed cavity and covering the cavity's organs
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Of waht does the serosa consist?
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Layer of mesothelium backed by connective tissue
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What is mesothelium?
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The etpithelium of all serous membranes.
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What is the purpose of a serosa?
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Secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction between organs
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What are the serous mambranes of the pericardial cavity, thorax, abdomen, spermatic cord called respectively?
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- Pericardial: Pericardium
- Thorax: Pleura - Abdomen: Peritoneum - Spermatic cord: Vaginal tunics |
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What serosa covers walls of a cavity?
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Parietal serosa
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What serosa covers an organ?
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Visceral serosa
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What connects perietal and visceral or visceral with visceral serosa?
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Connecting serosa
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What is the serosa lining the thoracic cavity?
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Pleura
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How many pleural sacs are there?
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Two
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What is the serosa covering the lungs?
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Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
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What is the pleura not covering the lungs?
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Parietal or connecting pleura
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Are the lungs located in the pleural cavities?
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No
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What is the line of pleural reflection?
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Point costal pleura reflects onto diaphragm
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What is the space just inside the line of pleural reflection?
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Costodiaphragmatic recess
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What is the relationship of the basal border of the lung and the line of pleural reflection?
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Parallel, lung craniodorsal to line
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What is plural cupula?
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Cranial pleural sac extending out through the thoracic inlet
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What are holes in the mediastinum called?
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Fenestrations
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Are there fenestrations in the mediastinum of young animals?
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No
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What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
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Cranial: in front of heart
Middle: contains heart Caudal: in back of heart |
