Anatomy I - Back

Front 1

What is the Vertebral formula = # of vertebrae in each region for cat and dog?

Back 1

For dog & cat = C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd ≈ 20

Front 2

What is Shiff-Sherrington syndrome?

Back 2

Hyperextension of forelimbs with damage/lesions to thoracic spinal cord (T3-L3 / area 3)

Only time a spinal cord injury causes signs cranial to damage/injury

LMN and UMN are still intact to thoracic limb, so this is neither UMN or LMN neuron sign. (hindlimb may show UMN signs)

From Online:
Extensor hypertonia (increased muscle tone ) of the thoracic limbs and paraplegia resulting from acute, severe, compressive lesions of the thoracolumbar spinal cord that REMOVE the inhibitory effects of neurons in the lumbar spinal cord. Seen in dogs, usually caused by trauma or herniated intervertebral disk.

Border cells in L1-4 ascend to inhibit extensors of forelimb to coordinate movement

Front 3

What is the main hypaxial/sublumbar muscle of the abdomen?

Back 3

Psoas major m.

hypaxial is below transverse processes of spine

Front 4

Intervertebral Disk or fibrocartilaginous disks consists of inner jelly like part and outer part known as the _____ and ______?

Back 4

nucleus pulposus

anulus fibrosus

Front 5

for tards:
difference between vertebral column and spinal cord

Back 5

- vertebrae are actual bone
- protect the spinal cord

Front 6

Intervertebral Disk or fibrocartilaginous disks consists of inner jelly like part and outer part known as the _____ and ______?

Back 6

nucleus pulposus

anulus fibrosus

Front 7

Intrathecal injection

Back 7

in Lumbar cistern- between L4-5 or L5-6

access to CSF (subarachnoid space)

Front 8

Epidural anesthesia goes where?

Back 8

lumbosacral junction (in small animals) in epidural space

Epidural space: between the dura mater & vertebrae
Filled with fat
Epidural anesthesia is performed within this space

Front 9

Name 3 epaxial muscles

Back 9

Epaxial Muscle Systems = “TLI”

transversospinalis muscles (4)
longissiumus muscles (4)
iliocostalis muscles (2)

the later two break up into muscles based on region of spinal cord e.g. Iliocostalis lumborum

Front 10

List the spaces that are related to the meninges

Back 10

* Epidural: between dura mater and periosteum
* Subdural: potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid
* Subarachnoid space: between the arachnoid and pia (CSF)

Front 11

What is the main HYPAXIAL muscle of the CERVICAL region?

Back 11

Longus colli

Front 12

What is the disease of the cervical vertebrae in large breeds causing STENOSIS of the vertebral canal resulting in ataxia (unsteady gait)?

Back 12

Cervical spondylomyelopathy, canine wobbler disease

Front 13

Identify

Back 13

A. Vagosympathetic trunk
B. Common carotid a.
C. Supf. Cervical Ln

Front 14

What is excessive ventral lumbar curvature?

Back 14

Lordosis (swayback)

Front 15

What is spina bifida?

Back 15

Failure of 1 or more vertebral arches to close

Front 16

A slipped disc results when the soft ___ ___ is squeezed to one side of the disc, causing the firm ___ ___ to protrude and possibly rupture.

Back 16

* Nucleus pulposus
* Annulus fibrosus

Front 17

Where are CSF taps performed?

~looking for name of region or place, not the layer

Back 17

Cisterna magna or lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space)

Front 18

What kind of joint is intervertebral disk?

Back 18

Symphysis (cartilagenous)(e.g., pelvis, mandible, intervertebral disk) - semimobile

~but i think disk itself is made of fibrocartilage

Front 19

What is the lumbosacral space?

Back 19

Interarcuate space between last lumbar vertebrae (L7) & sacrum

(where insert needle when giving epidural injection)

Front 20

anticlinal vertebrae

Back 20

T11

Front 21

How is proprioception evaluated clinically?

Back 21

Postural reactions (e.g. knuckle paw)

Front 22

how many lumbar vertebrae in cat and dog?

Back 22

7

Front 23

identify thoracolumbar spinal cord

(what is located here?)

Back 23

Of or relating to the thoracic AND lumbar parts of the spinal column.

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
(specifically thoracolumbar: T3 to L3)

Front 24

identify which region of vertebrae this is?

Back 24

Lumbar Vertebrae

Elongated transverse processes

Relatively mobile, particularly
in extension-flexion movements

7 in dog & cat

Front 25

What arises from spinal cord to FORM a spinal nerve?

What arises from spinal nerve?

Back 25

dorsal and ventral roots (NOT branches)

dorsal and ventral branches; these are formed when spinal nerve "branches"

Front 26

hemal bones (arches)

Back 26

Any of three or four V-shaped bones located ventral to the bodies of the third to sixth CERVICAL vertebrae

Front 27

Are spinal nerves LMN or UMN?

Back 27

LMN (somatic)

Front 28

Identify

Back 28

intercapital liigament

Front 29

Where are the cell bodies of a UMN and LMN located?

What are axons of upper and lower motor neurons?

Back 29

in brain and spinal cord respectively

UMN: brain and spinal c.
LMN: periphery

Front 30

Where does tubercle of ribs articulate with on vertebrae?

Back 30

transverse process

Front 31

What are the motor parts of reflex arcs?

Back 31

LMN

Front 32

Where does head of rib articulate with on vertebrae?

Back 32

see image

Front 33

Is musculocutaneous nerve an upper or lower motor neuron?

Back 33

LMN

Front 34

Identify 4 ligaments shown

Back 34

Supraspinous lig.
Yellow lig.
Dorsal longitudinal lig.
Ventral longitudinal lig.

Front 35

What is the enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the medulla oblongata and cerebellum?

Back 35

Cisterna magna (cerebellomedullary cistern)

Front 36

lig. flava is also known as?

Back 36

Yellow ligament - connect successive vertebral arches

Front 37

The ventral branches of the thoracic nerves T3-13 do not form a plexus, but pass in the intercostal spaces as _____ nerves.

Back 37

intercostal

Front 38

Where do the spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal?

Back 38

intervertebral foramen

Front 39

What are the clinical signs of meningitis?

Back 39

Cervical rigidity (due to pain [hyperesthesia]), fever and lameness

Hyperesthesia - abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the senses.

Front 40

Name the two major epaxial muscles of the back

Back 40

Iliocostalis and Longissimus mm.

Front 41

What does the sacral region of the spinal cord supply?

Back 41

Reflex control of urination, defication, sexual reflexes, and parasympathetic outflow

Front 42

What is a dermatome? Autonomous zone?

Back 42

Area of skin innervated by a nerve, only 1 spinal nerve respectively

Front 43

List the meninges from outer to inner

Back 43

Dura matter, arachnoid, and pia mater

1. Dura mater- “tough mother” - outermost layer
(epidural space is above/outside of this)

2. Arachnoid- web-like layer; next to dura mater in living because of CSF pressure
Subarachnoid space—FILLED WITH CSF!!!

3. Pia mater- “tender mother” layer on surface of cord, contains blood vessels supplying brain and cord tissue

Front 44

What fills the gap between the dorsal edge of the foramen magnum and the atlas?

Back 44

Dorsal atlanto-occipital membrane

(this is what needle goes through to get to cisterna magna - for CSF)

p.315

Front 45

What is the UNPAIRED artery running longitudinally on the vertebral canal floor in the ventral median fissure length of the spinal cord

Back 45

Ventral spinal artery


(runs longitudinally inside bottom of vertebral foramen, beneath spinal cord, but on top of body of vertebrae)

Front 46

What are the PAIRED, thin- walled, valveless vessels on the vertebral canal floor in the epidural space from the skull to the caudal vertebrae?

Back 46

Internal vertebral venous plexus

Front 47

What are the vessels located on the ventral surface of the tail?

Back 47

Median caudal artery and vein

Front 48

How are the dorsal and ventral edges of the vertebral canal checked in back radiographs?

Back 48

Check for alignment, they should be two straight lines without step defects

Front 49

How are the intervertebral foramen compared in back radiographs?

Back 49

For differences due to disc space differences

Front 50

Myelography

Back 50

Type of radiograph exam that uses contrast medium to detect pathology of spinal cord, including location of injury, cysts, and tumors. Procedure often involves injection of contrast medium into cervical or lumbar spine, followed by several X-rays. May help to find cause of pain not found by an MRI or CT.

Front 51

What may narrowing of the intervertebral space indicate?

Back 51

Protruded disc

Front 52

Describe the three possible types of spinal column lesion

Back 52

* Extradural lesion: outside the dura mater
* Intradural lesion: between spinal cord and dura mater
* Intramedullary (spinal cord) lesion: inside cord

Front 53

What are the myelogram findings for the following lesions:
Extradural, intradural, and intramedullary (spinal cord) lesions

Back 53

* Extradural: thinning or break of columns pushed inward at lesion, expanded cord/ thinned columns in other view
* Intradural: widening of subarachnoid space, expanded cord/ thinned columns in other view
* Intramedullary: Expanded cord/ thinned columns in all views

Front 54

What is lateral curvature to the spine?

Back 54

Scoliosis

Front 55

What is an excessive thoracic curvature?

Back 55

Kyphosis (hunchback in humans)

Front 56

What clinical problem would a fractured dens cause?

Back 56

spinal cord injury

Front 57

What is a hemivertebra?

Back 57

Wedge-shaped vertebra resulting in severe angulation to spine in thoracolumbar region.

Front 58

What is diskospondylitis?

Back 58

Infection of intervertebral discs & adjacent vertebrae

Front 59

Basically what are the two types of intervertebral disease?

Back 59

* Type 1: disk rupture
* Type 2: disk bulging

Front 60

What can a slipped disc protruding into the vertebral canal compress?

Back 60

Spinal nerves or spinal cord itself

Front 61

Where is the annulus fibrosis thinnest?

Back 61

Dorsally

Front 62

Why don't intervertebral disc commonly impinge on nerves in most of the thoracic region?

Back 62

Protection of intercapital ligaments

Front 63

Where is rupture of an intervertebral disc common?

Back 63

# Thoracolumbar junction (T11-L2)

Front 64

What is the surgery for thoracolumbar disk disease?

Back 64

Dorsal laminectomy/hemilaminectomy & fenestration (remove nucleus pulposus)

Front 65

What are the landmarks used for cerebrospinal fluid taps at the atlanto-occipital junction?

Back 65

Wings of the atlas, spine of the axis, external occipital protuberance

Front 66

Largest group of of sesamoid bones of manus is located at lvl of the____________ joint.

Back 66

metacarpophalangeal joint

Front 67

What is path of LMN?

Back 67

Leave CNS over VENTRAL roots (only one motor neuron) & spinal n. or cranial n. to periphery

Front 68

Deep to the trapezius and brachiocephalicus, a pair of muscles called __________ arise from the dorsal midline (um no back of the head) and insert on the proximal end of each scapula near dorsal midline (um no back of the head) and insert on the proximal end of each scapula near dorsal border.

Back 68

rhomoideus

(actually it kind of drapers over top of scapula from back of the head)

Front 69

What type of joint is atlanto-occipital joint?

Back 69

- modified-hinge joint; synovial
- formed between condyles of occipital bone and atlas

"yes joint"

Front 70

What type of joint is atlanto-axial joint?

Back 70

pivot type of synovial joint between dens of axis? and atlas

"no joint"

dens is held into place with a lot of ligaments

Front 71

ataxia

plegia

Back 71

unsteady gait

partial paralysis

Front 72

What joint is formed by the atlas and the skull?

Back 72

Atlanto-occipital joint, "yes" joint

Front 73

What elastic connective tissue structure attaches the 1st thoracic spine to the spine of the axis (C2) in the dog?

Back 73

Nuchal ligament, none in cat

Front 74

What plexus supplies some of the extrinsic and all of the intrinisic muscles of the thoracic limb?

Back 74

Brachial

Front 75

Plexuses are formed by the ventral branches of spinal nerves in every region except which?

Back 75

Thorax (except T1-2)= intercostal nn.

Front 76

What plexus supplies the abdominal wall, pelvic limb, external genitalia, rump, and perineum?

Back 76

Lumbrosacral plexus

Front 77

Why can a broken neck result in respiratoy paralysis?

Back 77

Phrenic nerve to diaphragm arises in brachial & cervical plexuses

Front 78

What should be evaluated in the area of the axis and atlas?

Back 78

The dens (odontoid process), it should be present and held in the ventral veterbral canal

odontoid means "looks like a tooth"

odontoid p. is a toothlike projection on the cranial part of body of the axis and articulates with the atlas

Front 79

What is a landmark in a lateral film of the caudal neck?

Back 79

"SLEDS" or transverse processes of C6

Front 80

List the two important structures enclosed in the carotid sheath.

Back 80

vagosympathetic trunk and common carotid artery

Front 81

What is the surgery for cervical disc disease?

Back 81

Ventral decompression through longus colli m. to remove extruded disk

Front 82

What nerve is this?

(hint: it innervates trapezius muscle which is transfected in image)

Back 82

accessory nerve (cranial n. 11)

Front 83

Name strap muscle (plus muscle lateral to them), starting at midline

Back 83

sternohyoideus m.,, sternothyroideus m.,
sternocephalicus m.
cleidocephalicus m.