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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following pacemakers has the greatest effect on heart rate?
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SA Node
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Which of the following is associated with intercalated discs?
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gap junction
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What term is used to describe contraction of the heart?
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systole
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What structures prevent back-flow through the AV valves?
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papillary muscles
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What pacemaker goes through the right atrium?
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SA Node
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Which ventricle has a thicker myocardium? (larger & thicker muscle)
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left
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What part of the conduction system supplies the ventricular myocardium?
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purkinje fibers
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What term refers to uncoordinated heart contraction and ineffective heart contraction?
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Fibrillation
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Nerves of the parasympathetic system innervate the SA and AV nodes. Do they slow heart rate or increase heart rate?
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slow heart rate
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What neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic system to slow heart rate?
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ACh
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What can be treated with balloon angioplasty?
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Atherosclerosis
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Which of these factors that affect peripheral resistance can be quickly altered to change systematic BP?
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vessel diameter
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What type of vessel has lowest velocity of blood flow?
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capillaries
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Premature atrial contraction are what wave ECG occurs too often?
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P wave
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What force has the greatest influence that retain blood volume in capillaries?
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blood colloid osmotic pressure
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What part of the ventricular mass first conducts an action potential with each cardiac cycle?
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interventricular septum
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What channels in a cardiac cell membrane open to create the plateau in the action potential (i.e. why are cardiac muscle cells so much "slower twitch" than skeletal muscle cells?
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slow calcium channels
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What is the effect of acetylocholine on cells of SA node "slow down"?
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opens potassium channels
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Shock can occur when arterioles and capillaries systematically dilate, thus having what effect on BP? Name for this type of shock? Cause at molecular level? (what's a molecule that causes capillaries to dilate?)
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decreases; BP falls; "circulatory (anaphaletic)" molecular level- histamine
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Which of the following occurs as a result of a loss of fluid from capillaries and thus fluid build up in peripheral tissues?
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edema (may cause shock)/swelling
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Which of the following will DECREASE the end-systolic volume?
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systole heart contraction; how much blood is left; decrease amount= INCREASING CONTRACTILE STRENGTH
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Why are people with HBP often told to avoid salt in their diet?
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more salt in the body; more water
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If cells of the SA node are killed, what part of the heart has the autorhythmicity to establish a new (slower) heart rate?
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AV node
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An increase in venous return of blood to the heart will increase the EDV. Which of these will also occur?
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increase in stroke volume
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blood colloid osmotic pressure
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measurement of pressure exerted within the cardiovascular system by proteins found in blood plasma
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capillary exchange involves what 3 processes?
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1. Filtration
–Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) provides driving force –Water and small solutes leave capillaries –Larger molecules (like plasma proteins) remain in blood 2. Diffusion 3. Osmosis |
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Diffusion
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•Net movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
•Occurs most rapidly when 1. Distances are short 2. Concentration gradient is large 3. Ions or molecules involved are small •Occurs continuously across capillary walls but transport mechanism varies for different substances |
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Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
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is highest near arteriole (HP occurs in a garden hose, too)
•Causes water and small solutes to enter interstitial fluid |
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blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
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increases:
•Water leaves capillary and plasma proteins remain •CHP decreases along capillary length CHP > BCOP = fluid forced out of capillary |
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Net filtration pressure (NFP) is
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difference between capillary hydrostatic and blood colloid osmotic pressure
– NFP=CHP–BCOP • Is positive at beginning of capillary (= filtration) • Becomes negative by end of capillary (= reabsorption) |
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Shock
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Acute cardiovascular crisis marked by: Low blood pressure (hypotension) Inadequate peripheral blood flow
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Three causes of shock
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Three causes A. hemorrhage B. heart damage (cardiogenic) C. anaphylaxis
If Normal homeostatic mechanisms cannot compensate The result is Circulatory shock Positive feedback loops beginning when blood loss <35% |
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Atherosclerosis (athero-, fatty degeneration)
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Formation of lipid deposits in tunica media associated with tunica intima damage |
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What are the 3 types of capillaries?
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1) continuous- epithelial tissue, no holes in or between
2) fenestrated- "windows" 3) sinusoid- gaps between cells so proteins can get through |
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Myocardial infarction is often referred to as "heart attack"
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Atherosclerosis may occur in arteries A blocked coronary artery may cause M.I.
(Blood flowing through atria and ventricles doesn‟t nourish heart) |
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Valvular heart disease (VHD)
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is when valve function has deteriorated to where heart cannot maintain adequate blood flow
• Can be due to: –Congenital malformations – Heart swelling (carditis) |
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Right Heart failure
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• Congestion of blood throughout body
• Starts in feet, to ankles, to legs, to abdomen, and liver • i.e. edema • One treatment: diuretics to reduce amount of fluid |
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Left Heart failure
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• Congestion in lungs
• Breathing difficult, wheezing • Pink tinged froth in mouth • Pale skin |
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The heart is stimulated by the
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Sympathetic NS
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The heart is inhibited by the
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Parasympathetic NS
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Heart is stimulated by the sympathetic NS with Norepinephrine
which increases Ca++ inflow True or False? |
True
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heart is inhibited by the parasympathetic NS with ACh, which opens K+ channes and hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells
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True
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