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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy (define) |
study of structure and shape of the body, its parts, and their relationship to one another |
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physiology (define) |
study of of the parts of the body function |
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History: Egyptians |
first to formally study anatomy (~3000BC) valued lungs, heart, liver, and gut (not brain) |
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History: Hippocrates |
460-377 BC Greek father of medicine Hippocratic oath wrote many books about anatomy |
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History: Aristotle |
382-422 BC Greek performed animal dissections first to use word "anatome" — meaning cutting up or taking apart |
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History: Galen |
2nd century Greek compared anatomical structures of animals to those of humans was a physiologist — cared about function of organs |
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History: Leonardo da Vinci |
15th Century one of the first to draw the human skeleton and other anatomical structures |
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History: Versalius |
Middle Ages and Early Renaissance wrote "Du Jumani Corporis Fabrica—1543AD" |
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History: Hieronymous Fabricius |
Middle Ages and Early Renaissance first to have anatomical theaters of public dissections of human cadavers |
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History: William Harvey |
17th Century discovers circulation |
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History: 17th Century — general |
--Human dissection becomes important in European medical schools --anatomical museums --Rembrandt and Michaelangelo draw anatomy after attending public dissections |
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History: William Hunter |
18th/19th Centuries modernizes embalming techniques |
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History: 18th/19th Centuries — general |
texts depicting human bodies shortage of cadavers |
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History: 19th Century — general |
--British Parliament passed Anatomy Act in 1832 to provide adequate supply of corpses for medical dissections --Gray's Anatomy (1858AD) --People donate bodies to science in exchange for medical treatment --Public dissections no longer occurring |
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History: 20th Century — general |
--medical museums established --better supplementary resources for diagnostics and looking at the body --decline in donation of bodies to science |
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History: 21st Century — general
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--some diseases limit the availability of cadavers (Mad Cow) --Gunther von Hagans (Body World) --technical advances in imaging (PET, MRI) |
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gross anatomy |
study of structures visible to the naked eye |
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levels of organization in body |
cell-->tissue-->organ-->organ system-->organism cells are the smallest unit of organization (for the purposes of this class) |
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tissue (definition) |
a group of cells with a common function |
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4 kinds of tissue |
(1) epithelial (covering/lining/protecting) (2) connective (3) muscular (4) nervous |
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anatomical position (DEMONSTRATE IT!) |
erect, feet parallel, arms at sides, palms facing FORWARD, thumbs pointing away from body |
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Body plane: coronal |
cut L to R dividing body into anterior and posterior parts |
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Body plane: sagittal |
cut front to back dividing the body into right and left parts |
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Body plane: transverse |
cross section R to L divides body into superior and inferior sections |
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Body plane: oblique |
cross section at an angle |
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Anterior/posterior |
anterior: front posterior: back |
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ventral/dorsal |
ventral: front (abdominal) dorsal: back (like a dorsal fin) --animals mostly |
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superior/inferior |
superior: up/above inferior: down/below |
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cranial (rostral)/caudal |
cranial (rostral): towards snout caudal: towards tail --animals mostly |
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lateral/medial |
lateral: to the side medial: centered |
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proximal/distal |
proximal: closer to center/trunk distal: closer to toes and fingers (farther out) --mainly just for limbs |
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superficial/deep |
superficial: on surface deep: c'mon |
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acromial |
refers to point of shoulder |
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antebrachial |
refers to forearm |
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antecubital |
refers to anterior surface of elbow |
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axillary |
refers to armpit |
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brachial |
refers to arm |
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buccal |
refers to cheek area |
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crural |
refers to leg |
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mental |
refers to chin |
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calcaneal |
refers to heel of foot |
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olecranal |
refers to posterior surface of elbow |
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sacral |
refers to area between hips |
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sural |
refers to the posterior surface of the leg; the calf |
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dorsal body cavities |
--cranial cavity (contains brain) --spinal cavity (contains spinal cord) |
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thoracic body cavity |
--ventral body cavity --contains heart, lungs --separated from lower cavity by diaphragm |
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abdominopelvic body cavity |
--ventral body cavity --abdominal portion contains stomach, liver, small intestine --pelvic portion contains bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs |
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small, open body cavities |
mouth anus nasal orbital middle ear |
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epithelial tissue functions |
--protection
--absorption --filtration --secretion |
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general information about epithelial tissue |
--except for glandular epithelium, cells fit together to form continuous sheets --have no blood supply of their own (avascular) and depend on capillaries in underlying connective tissue for fuel --everything the body receives or gives off must pass through epithelium |
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apical surface of epithelial tissue |
--free, or unattached, edge --exposed either to the body's exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ |
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basement membrane of epithelial tissue |
structureless material that the lower surface of the epithelial tissue rests on |
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simple vs stratified epithelia |
simple = 1 cell layer (absorption, secretion, filtration) stratified = multiple cell layers (protection) |
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simple squamous epithelium |
--single layer of thin squamous (flat) cells on the basement membrane --located where filtration or exchange of substances through rapid diffusion occurs --air sacs in lungs, walls of capillaries, serous membranes |
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simple cuboidal epithelium |
--one layer of cuboidal cells on basement membrane --found in glands and their ducts --forms walls of kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries |
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simple columnar epithelium |
--goblet cells (produce mucous) --lines entire length of digestive tract --mucousae |
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
--all cells rest on basement membrane, but cell height varies causing "pseudostratified" appearance --mainly functions in absorption and secretion --ciliated variety lines most of the respiratory tract |
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stratified squamous epithelium |
--most common stratified epithelium in body --more superficial cells are squamous, but deeper cells closer to the basement membrane can be columnar or cuboidal --deals with abuse/friction --found in esophagus, mouth, outer layer of skin |
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stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelial |
--typically found in ducts of large glands --both types are considered rare |
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transitional epithelium |
--highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium --forms lining of urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra --very thin when stretched (has extreme stretching capabilities) --basal cells are cuboidal or columnar --more superficial cells are varied |
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gland |
one of more cells that make and secrete a product (secretion) made up of protein molecules in a water-based solution |
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endocrine glands |
--ductless --secretions (all hormones) diffuse directly into the blood |
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exocrine glands |
--secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface --sweat glands, oil glands, pancreas, liver |
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connective tissue — general info |
--living cells supported in a non-living matrix --limited blood supply to tendons and cartilage so healing is slow |
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bone |
--composed of osteocytes that reside in cavities called lacuna --very hard matrix composed of calcium salts (calcium is stored in bone tissue) and large numbers of collagen fibers to allow for very slight flexibility --protects and supports other body organs |
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hyaline cartilage |
--most widespread form of cartilage --abundant collagen fibers --rubbery matrix is glass-like and blue/white in appearance --found in bronchi, fetal skeleton (eventually ossifies into bones except at epiphyseal, or "growth" plates), larynx, connects ribs to breastbone, trachea, nose |
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fibrocartilage |
--highly compressible --more collagen present in matrix --found between vertebrae, in menisci of knees |
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elastic cartilage |
--matrix is a threadlike network of elastic fibers --bounces back to normal shape with ease/tolerates repeated bending --found in epiglottis and external ear |
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dense connective tissue |
--matrix is mainly collagen fibers with rows of fibroblasts in between --forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments --also present in dermis |
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tendons vs. ligaments |
tendons: attach skeletal muscles to bones ligaments: connect bones to bones at joints; stretchy, contain more elastic fibers than tendons |
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areolar tissue |
--most widely distributed tissue variety in the body --soft, pliable, "cob-webby" --protects the body's organs |
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adipose tissue |
--fat tissue --most of space in fat cells is occupied by a single drop of oil --insulates and protects body |
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reticular connective tissue |
--network of intricately woven reticular fibers formed by reticular cells --forms stroma: internal framework that supports free blood cells and the organs that contain them |
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skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth muscle |
skeletal: striated, voluntary control cardiac: striated, involuntary control, intercalated disks smooth: no striations, spindle-shaped cells |
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nervous tissue — general |
--major functions are excitability and conductivity --neurons: specialized cells that transmit messages via electrochemical impulses |
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cutaneous membrane |
skin dermis + epidermis |
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mucous membrane |
--epithelium resting on the loose connective tissue of the lamina propria --lines all body cavities that open to the exterior --absorption and secretion --either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium |
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serous membrane |
--line body cavities that are closed to the exterior --simple squamous epithelium on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue |
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synovial membranes |
--soft areolar connective tissue, no epithelial cells AT ALL --line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints |
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functions of skin |
--protection (keeps what is needed in and what is not needed out) --regulates body temperature --excretes salt, urea, water, uric acid in the form of sweat --synthesizes vitamin D --sensory receptors convey information about external environment |
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basic skin structure |
--epidermis and dermis are firmly attached (any separation causes a blister) --subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis: layer below dermis primarily composed of adipose tissue; not considered a part of the skin, but anchors skin to underlying tissues |
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5 layers of epidermis |
(1) stratum corneum — most superficial (2) stratum lucidum (3) stratum granulosum (4) stratum spinosum (5) stratum basale — most deep |
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basic properties of the epidermis |
--5 layers --avascular --contains keratinocytes, which produce keratin: the tough fibrous protein that is responsible for the protective properties of the epidermis |
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stratum corneum |
--outermost layer --20-30 cell layers thick but accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness --dead, filled with keratin, sheds off as dandruff --protects deeper layers from chemical and physical trauma and prevents water loss --completely replaced in 25-45 days |
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stratum lucidum |
--only present where skin is hairless and extra thick, like palms of hands and soles of feet --first layer of dead cells |
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stratum granulosum/stratum spinosum |
--as cells move outwards through layers of epidermis, they become flatter and more keratinized --cells die as they leave stratum granulosum |
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stratum basale |
--closest to dermis (connected by wavy, "corrugated cardboard" border) --b/c of proximity, contains epidermal cells that receive the most nourishment from the dermis due to diffusion --cells are constantly dividing (stratum germinatum) |
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dermis — general |
--dense fibrous connective tissue forming the papillary layer and the reticular layer --envelope that holds body together --rich in nerve endings --contains blood supply --composed of collagen (toughness) and elastin (stretch); decreases with age |
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papillary layer vs reticular layer |
papillary layer: upper dermal region; contains dermal pappilae, peg-like projections that help with gripping (ex. finger prints); contains capillaries and pain and touch receptors reticular layer: deepest layer of skin; contains blood vessels (temperature regulation), deep pain receptors, phagocytes, oil and sweat glands |
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linea albicans |
stretch marks, caused by tears in the reticular layer of the dermis |
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3 pigments of skin color |
(1) melanin in epidermis/stratum basale (yellow, reddish brown, black) (2) carotene in stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue (orange-yellow) (3) hemoglobin |
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skin appendages |
cutaneous glands, hair, hair follicles, and nails |
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sebaceous glands |
--oil glands --present everywhere except soles of feet and palms of hands --ducts can empty into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface --produce sebum |
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how many sweat glands does each person have? |
~2.5 million |
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eccrine glands |
--numerous, found all over body --funnel-shaped pore --secrete sweat --important for temperature regulation |
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apocrine glands |
--concentrated in axillary and genital areas --larger than eccrine glands --ducts empty into hair follicles --secrete sweat containing fatty acids and proteins (causes body odor) |
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arrector pili muscles |
--small bands of smooth muscle that connect hair to the dermal tissue and cause slanting of hair --contract when afraid or cold |
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hair — general |
--root-->shaft (medulla-->cortex->cuticle) --formed in stratum basale --protects, insulates |
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leading cause of death among burn victims |
infection |
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consequences of burns |
--dehydration --electrolyte imbalance --inadequate circulation --suppression of immune system --infection --interrupts body temperature regulation |
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rule of nines |
--divides body into 11 areas of 9% (plus 1% for genitals) --18% each leg --9% each arm --18% front torso --18% back torso --9% head --1% genitals |
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critical burns |
(1) over 25% of body has 2nd-degree burns (2) over 10% of body has 3rd-degree burns (3) any 3rd-degree burns to face, hands, or feet |
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first degree burn |
--only epidermis damaged --red/swollen --temporary discomfort --partial thickness burn --regeneration of skin possible |
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second degree burn |
--injury to epidermis and upper layer of dermis --red, painful, swollen, BLISTERS --partial thickness burn --regeneration of skin possible, but may see some scarring |
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third degree burn |
--entire thickness of skin is destroyed --gray-white/black appearance; "charred" --not painful because nerves have been burned away --full thickness burn --regeneration not possible, skin grafts required |
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most common type of cancer |
skin cancer (1 in 5 Americans experience skin cancer at some point in their lives) |
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basal cell carcinoma |
--cells of stratum basale --most common skin cancer --least malignant (rarely metastasize) --slow growing --shiny, dome-shaped, pearly beaded edge --99% of cases cured |
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squamous cell carcinoma |
--arises from stratum spinosum --metastasizes to lymph nodes --rapid growth --scaly, shallow ulcer with firm, raised border --sun exposure-induced --surgically removed --good chance of complete cure |
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malignant melanoma |
--cancer of melanocytes --metastasizes to blood vessels and lymph nodes --rapid growth --spreading black/brown patch that arises from mole --extensive surgical removal --50% chance of survival |
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examination of pigmented areas for cancer |
Asymmetry Border irregularity Color Diameter Elevation |
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decubitis ulcers |
--bed sores --ischemic necrosis --common at sacrum, ischium, heels, hips |
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psoriasis |
chronic auto-immune disorder that attacks tissues --over-production of cells leads to scaly, dry, cracked, red lesions that itch and burn |
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scabies |
--transmissible parasitic infection where mites burrow into stratum corneum and lay eggs |
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Athlete's Foot |
fungal infection |
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Port Wine Stain |
--birthmark resulting from intense accumulation of blood vessels in the skin and subcutaneous tissue |
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keloid scarring |
caused by over growth of connective tissue, considered a benign tumor, more common in darker skin types |
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Albinism |
--rare genetic disorder in which individuals lack the enzyme necessary for melanocytes to produce melanin --because Albinos have melanocytes, they can still develop melanoma |