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372 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
coronal plane
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divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
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transverse plane
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divides the body into superior and inferior halves
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sagittal plane
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divides the body into left and right halves
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midsagittal
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centered
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parasagittal
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offset from the center
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anterior/ventral
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front
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posterior/dorsal
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back
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superior
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above
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inferior
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below
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medial
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towards the middle
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lateral
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away from the middle (towards the outside)
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proximal
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closest to the point of attachment
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distal
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furthest from the point of attachment
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superficial
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toward the surface
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deep
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away from the surface
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cranial
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skull
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otic
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ear
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occipital
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base of the skull
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deltoid
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shoulder region
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sternal
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sternum (right down the midline of the chest)
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pectoral
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two regions lateral to the sternum (chest area)
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vertebral
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vertebral column (right down the back)
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brachial
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upper arm (between the shoulder and the elbow)
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olechranal
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point of the elbow
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antebrachial
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bottom of the arm (forearm)
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abdominal
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below pectoral
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lumbar
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lower portion of the spine; medial to abdominal
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sacral
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inferior to the lumbar region (in the center)
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gluteal
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buttocks (lateral to the sacral region)
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femoral
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thigh
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popliteal
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back of the knee
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crural
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calf (lower leg)
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orbital
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eye
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mental
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chin
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cervical
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neck (base of skull to deltoid)
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axillary
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armpit area
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antecubital
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front of elbow
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carpal
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wrist (connects forearm to hand)
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pelvic
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inferior to abdominal
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inguinal
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groin, inferior and lateral to abdominal
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pubic
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directly inferior to pelvic
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patellar
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front of knee
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tarsal
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ankle
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function of cells throughout the body
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covering/lining, protection, storage, movement, defense, attachment, and communication
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plasma membrane
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the surrounding outer limits of a cell
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nucleus
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where DNA is housed in the cell
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cytosol/cytoplasm
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substance in the cell that contains all other structures
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interphase
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phase of mitosis where the cells are resting and performing their jobs/not dividing
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prophase
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phase of mitosis where all DNA is condensed and packed into chromosomes
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metaphase
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phase of mitosis when all chromosomes pair up down the center of the cell (gives the cell a way to equally split in half)
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anaphase
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phase of mitosis when the chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions and the pairs split
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telophase
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phase of mitosis where the two chromosomes are all the way at other ends, almost completely apart
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cytokinesis
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phase of mitosis where the cell splits into two separate daughter cells
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polarized
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means cells are not symmetrical
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apical surface
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top surface of the epithelium
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basal surface
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bottom surface of the epithelium
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functions of epithelia
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barrier layer prevents entry or exit of all molecules; secretion of molecules in one direction but not the other, and sensory of external environment
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simple
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one cell layer thick
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stratified
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more than one cell layer thick
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squamous
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flat cells
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cuboidal
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square cells
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columnar
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tall cells
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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all cells contact the basement membrane but not all contact the apical surface in this type of epithelium
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epidermis
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most superifical layer of the skin; stratified squamous epithelium; most of the superficial layer consists of dead skin cells filled with keratin
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merkel cells
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cells in the epidermis used for tactile perception (touch receptors)
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langerhans cells
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cells in the epidermis used for immune response (to recognize pathogens)
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melanocytes
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cells in the epidermis that secrete melanin (skin pigment)
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stratum corneum
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strata of the epidermis tha tis the most superficial; contains dead cells filled with keratin
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stratum lucidum
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strata of the epidermis that is only found in thick skin; looks clear as organelles are lost
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stratum granulosum
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strata of the epidermis where cells begin to flatten and produce keratin
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stratum spinosum
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strata of the epidermis where large polygonal cells are not attached to the basement membrane
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stratum basale
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strata of the epidermis that is the most deep; undergoes mitosis for the continuous supply of new cells
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thick skin
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has all epidermal strata; found on palms of hands, soles of feet, and tips of fingers and toes; contains thicker stratum corneum relative to thin skin; has extra layers to provide protection against cuts, scrapes and abrasions; only contains sweat glands; majority is stratum corneum
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thin skin
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contains only four layers (no stratum lucidum); smaller number of cell layers in the stratum corneum relative to thick skin; found covering the majority of body surfaces; may contain hair follicles, nails, and or glands
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dermis
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deep to the epidermis; contains a papillary and a reticular layer; contains blood vessels and nerves
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papillary layer
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layer of the dermis that contains ridges that interlock with corresponding ridges in the epidermis; thin; increases surface area
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reticular layer
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layer of the dermis that is thicker than the papillary layer; extensive network of collagen fibers to support tissue and contains elastin fibers to provide elasticity
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hypodermis/subcutaneous layer
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deep to the skin (not a true part of the skin); connective tissue fibers interwoven with dermis fibers; contains adipocytes; extensive vasculature and nerve tissue
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adipocytes
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fat cells
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nails
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accessory structures in the skin that cover and protect distal digits; derived from stratun corneum
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eponychium
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epidermis that covers the base of the nail; where growth occurs
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hyponychium
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epidermis that is the stratum corneum under the free edge of the nail
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lanugo
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downy hair that covers the fetus and disappears by birth
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vellus
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hair that replaces manugo; fine hair that covers most of the body except palms and soles
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terminal hair
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coarse hair that is found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes; after puberty, it is also found in the armpit, pubic, and facial regions
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hair follicle
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a deep invagination of the dermis where hair shaft is found
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hair bulb
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at the base of hte hair follicle and contains the cells essential for growth and maintenance of hair
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arrector pili muscle
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muscle in the hair follicle that connects to the dermis; its contraction causes the hair to stand up, forming goose bumps
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sebaceous glands
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glands in hair that secrete an oily substance into the follicle to coat and protect the hair
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functions of hair
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protection; heat retention, facial expression, sensory reception, visual identification, and pheromone dispersal
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sebaceous glands
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glands that secrete oil directly into the hair follicle
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merocrine glands
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glands that are widely distributed and exit the skin directly; prominent on palms of hands and soles of feet
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apocrine glands
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glands only in specific locations, usually with terminal hair; secrete watery substances into the follicle
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connective tissue
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the most abundant and diverse tissue type in the body; all tissues that aren't epithelial, muscular, or nervous tissues are classified as this type
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functions of connective tissue
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physical protection, support and structure, binding, storage, transport, and protection
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loose connective tissue
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adipose tissue is an example of this type of connective tissue; has fewer fibers and cells than dense connective tissue; located around and between organs and provides protection and support to underlying tissues
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dense connective tissue
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regular tissue is an example of this type of connective tissue; cells are fibers are densely packed, so it is more resistant to stress and pressure; it provides strength and flexibility; tendons and ligaments are good examples
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fluid connective tissue
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blood is a good example of this type of connective tissue; watery consistency that contains many types of cells; helps supply the body with nutrients and removes waste products from tissues; also provides immune cells to all tissues
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platelets
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promote clotting when a vessel breaks to prevent excessive blood loss
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spongy bone
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bone that is filled with openings
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compact bone
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bone that is the hard outer surface of the bone; no spaces are visible to the naked eye
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cartilage
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hyaline is the best example of this type of connective tissue; no structured fibers are easily visible and teh cells are embedded ina glossy matrix; it provides protection to the end of bones to prevent damage
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functions of cartilage
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provides support for soft tissues, provides a gliding surface for mvoement, and develops cartilage templates that eventually grow into bones
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hyaline cartilage
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the most abudant type of cartilage; found in many joints, such as legs, arms, and ribs
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fibrocartilage
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provides more support and strength than hyaline cartilage; found in ioints that require more protection from stress and compression (like between vertebrae and knees)
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elastic cartilage
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contains elastic fibers for flexibility; found in the ear and epiglottis
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functions of bones
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movement, hemopoeisis, support and protection, and mineral storage
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hemopoeisis
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synthesization of blood cells
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flat bone
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example of this type of bone is the skull
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long bone
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examples of this type of bone are arms, legs, and fingers
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short bone
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examples of this type of bone are carpals and tarsals (cubed; as long as they are wide)
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irregular bone
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example of this type of bone is a vertebra (all bones that don't fit into other categories)
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epiphysis
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end of a long bone
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metaphysis
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growth plate in a long bone
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diaphysis
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shaft/long hollow part of a long bone that contains marrow
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medullary/marrow cavity
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blood cells are made here int he bone marrow
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osteons
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compose compact bone
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central canal
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a canal in an osteon in compact bone that houses blood vessels and nerves
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concentric lamellae
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surrounds the osteon; contains collagen fibers
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lacunae
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small holes in the compact bone that hold osteocytes, which maintain the bone
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canaliculi
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small canals that connect neighboring osteocytes in compact bones
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osteoblasts
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line the outside of hte bone and secrete new bone
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osteocytes
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mature osteoblasts that are trapped within the bone
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osteoclasts
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large, multinucleate cells that resorb or destroy bone
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condyle
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large, smooth rounded articulating oval structure
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facet
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small, flat, shallow articulating surfaceq
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head
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prominent, round epiphysis
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trochlea
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smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process
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alveolus
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deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
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fossa
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flattened or shallow depression
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sulcus
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narrow groove
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epicondyle
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projection adjacent to the condyle
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line
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low ridge
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process
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any marked bony prominence
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ramus
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angular extension
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spine
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pointed, slender process
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trochanter
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massive, rough projection found only in the femur
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tubercle
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small, round projection
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tuberosity
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large, rough projection
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canal/meatus
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passageway through a bone
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fissure
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narrow, slit-like opening through a bone
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foramen
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rounded passageway through a bone
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sinus
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cavity or hollow space in a bone
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characteristics of muscles
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excitability/responsiveness, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility
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functions of skeletal muscle
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movement, maintenance of posture, temperature regulation, storage and movement of materials, and support of underlying tissues
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epimysium
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connective tissue that surrounds the muscles
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fascicles
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subregions of muscles
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perimysium
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connective tissue layer that covers the fascicles
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muscle fibers
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the cells that make up the muscle
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endomysium
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connective tissue layer that surrounds the muscle fibers
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myofibrils
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compose the muscle fibers
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sarcomeres
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striations in the myofybrils, which are the units of muscle contraction
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myofilaments
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make up the myofibrils; strands of proteins used for muscle contraction; thin and thick filaments that create the striations of the sarcomere
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pennate
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type of muscles where the fascicles are at an oblique angle to the tendon (feather like, hamstrings and quadriceps)
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parallel
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type of muscle where fascicles are parallel to the tendon (Example is the abdominal muscles)
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convergent
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type of muscles where the fascicles converge at a single point; fan shaped, pectoralis and temporalis muscles
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circular
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type of muscle where fascicles are in concentric circles, so it looks like there is no beginnings and no end (sphincters, mouth, and eyes)
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origin
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where the muscle originates, and this point remains stationary during contraction
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insertion
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the bone that makes the movement in response to th emuscle contraction
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cardiac muscle
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muscle that forms the heart; striated and branched; shorter and thicker than skeletal muscle fibers; involuntary, connected by intercalated discs
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intercalated discs
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discs that connect the muscle cells of cardiac muscle; made of protein and the plasma membrane of other cells
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smooth muscle
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muscle found surrounding hollow tissues such as the GI tract and blood vessels, individual cells are spindle shaped, not striated, fibers are short and have a small diameter; involuntary
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central nervous system
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part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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part of the nervous system that contains the nerves outside the central nervous system
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sensory/afferent division
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division of the nervous system that receives sensory inputs and transmits them to the CNS for processing
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somatic sensory
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componen of the sensory division of the nervous system that receives input from the exernal environment
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visceral sensory
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component of the sensory division of the nervous system that receives input from the organs and viscera of hte body
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motor division (efferent)
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this division of hte nervous system transmits the response of the body from sensory inputs to muscles or glands
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somatic motor
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component of the motor division of hte nervous system that shows voluntary responses through skeletal muscles
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autonomic motor
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division of the motor division of the nervous system that shows involuntary responses through cardiac and smooth muscles or glands
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neurons
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polarized cells that transmit signals in one direction
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dendrites
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process of a neuron that receives input from the environment or other neurons
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axon
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process of the neuron that tramsmits the signal received by neurons or effectors; there is normally only one but it can have branches, and is normally the largest process of ht eneuron
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unipolar neuron
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type of neuron that has a single process tha tbranches; largest branch is the axon and smaller branches are dendrites; most sensory neurons
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bipolar neuron
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type of neuron that has one axon and one dendrite, each may branch; very rare
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multipolar neuron
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type of neuron that contains a single axon but many dendrites; most common type; motor neurons are multipolar
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glial cells
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the support cells of the nervous system
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astrocytes
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most abundant type of glial cells in the CNS; many projections; found int he brain and form the blood brain barrier; control what enters and exits the fluid and provides structure; divide to occupy tne empty space from neuronal death; and secrete chemicals to aid in devleopment and functions of the CNS
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ependymal cells
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glial cells in the CNS that are a simple cuboidal epithelial layer that line the ventricles of the brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid
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choroid plexus
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cells in the ependymal cells that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
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microglia
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glial cells in the CNS that are small in size and number; they contain small proejctions and clean up the CNS by phagocytization
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oligodendrocytes
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glial cells of the CNS that are large cells with processes that wrap around axons to speed neuronal impulses (myelinate the neurons)
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satellite cells
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glial cells of hte PNS that surround and protect the cell body in a ganglion
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ganglion
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group of neuronal cell bodies
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neurolemmocytes/schwann cells
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glial cells of the PNS that wrap around the axons and act like the oligodendrocytges in the central nervous system
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rostral
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front region of hte brain
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caudal
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back region of hte brain
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four major regions
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cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and branstem
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gray matter
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matter of hte brain that contains the cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; darker and more dense, usually on the outside of hte brain
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white matter
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matter int he brain that contains the myelinated axons of neurons and has a more pale appearance
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third ventricle
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central ventricle int he brain
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fourth ventricle
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inferior ventricle in the brain
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cerebrospinal fluid
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functions int he brain and spinal cord like blood throughout the body; secreted by the choroid plexus; provides buoyancy and cushion for the brain; transports nutrients, signals, and waste products within the CNS
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cerebrum
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largest of all brain regions; divided into left and right hemispheres; has 5 lobes; responsible for conscious thought processes and original of all complex intelectual functions
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longitudinal fissue
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left and right hemispheres are divided by this structure in the cerebrum
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corpus callosum
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halves of the cerebrum are connected by this structure
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frontal lobe
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lobe of the cerebrum that lies under the frontal bone; most rostral region that is responsible for voluntar motor functions, concentration, and verbal communication; contains the precentral gyrus and premotor cortex
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premotor cortex
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structurein the frontal lobe responsible for coordinating learned motor activities
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parietal lobe
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lobe of hte cerebrum that lies iunder the parietal bone; involved in most sensory functions; contains the postcentral gyrus and somatosensory associaiton area
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somatosensory association area
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responsible for integrating and interpreting sensory experience
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temporal lobe
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lobe of hte cerebrum that lies under the temporal bone; involved in hearing, interpreting, speech, language, and smell; contains the primary auditory cortex and olfactory cortex
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occipital lobe
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lobe of hte cerebrum that lies under the occipital bone; processes visual information and stores visual memories
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Insula
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lobe of the cerebrum that is deep to the lateral sulcus on the interior; appears to be involved in memory and taste; contains the gustatory cortex
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nucleus
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a group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
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caudate nucleus
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nucleus that runs inferior to the lateral ventricles; responsible for motor neuron stimulation
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amygdaloid body
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nucleus that controls emotions, behavior, and moods
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lentiform nucleus
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nucleus that controls subconscious muscle movement and thalamic control
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claustrum
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nucleus that controls subconscious visual information and is found between the lentiform nucleus and the outer region of hte insula
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the diencephalon
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contains three regions, the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
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epithalamus
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region of the diencephalon that responds to odors
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thalamus
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region of the diencephalon that is the primary site of all sensory input; filters input before relaying to the somatosensory cortex
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hypothalamus
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most anterior and slightly inferior regon of hte diencephalon; that controls the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, body temperature, emotional behavior, eating, water/hydration, and the sleep wake cycle
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the brainstem
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connects the diencephalon and cerebrum to the spinal cord; is a bidirectional passadgeway for neuron projections; has three major regions, the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
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mesencephalon
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the most superior region of the brainstem; contains visual and auditory reflex centers, helps relay motor output to skeletal muscles, and integrates involuntary muscles
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cerebral peduncles
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the two broad edges on the anterior border of the mesencephalon
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tectum
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the most posterior region of hte mesencephalon
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mesencephalic aqueduct
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the aqueduct in the mesencephalon that is continuous with the ventricles of hte brain
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pons
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part of hte brainstem inferir to the mesencephalon; major site of breathing regulation; posterior edge contains part of hte fourth ventricle
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medulla oblongata
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part of hte brainstem that is just inferior to the pons; the posterior region contains part of hte fourth ventricle; region of the brain where left and right tracts cross; contains manjy centers that regulat vital functions (Cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, sneezing, coughing, salivation, swallowing, gagging, vomiting)
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olives
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part of hte medulla oblongata that contain olivary nuclei
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decussation of pyramids
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place in the medulla oblongata where the left and right tracts of the brain cross
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cerebellum
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located posterior to the pons; has left and right hemispheres; the main function is to fine tune motor responses to produce fluid movements; maintains psture and balance by adjusting motor responses
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vermis
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connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum
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primary fissure
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separates the anterior and posterior lboes of each hemisphere in the cerebellum
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CN1
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olfactory nerve; sensory only (sense of smell); only nerves that regularly regenerate over time
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CN II
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optic nerve; sensory only (Sense of sight/vision); connects to eyes and crosses right down the center of hte brain
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CN III
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occulomotor nerve; motor function in moving the eyes (innervates three rectus muscles and 1 oblique muscle; helps close eyelids and dilate pupils
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CN IV
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Trochlear nerve; motor only (innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye); comes out just lateral to the pons
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CN V
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Trigeminal nerve; contains three branches that innervate the face
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Opthalmic branch
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branch of the trigeminal nerve that has a sensory function to innervate the forehead, eye, and bridge of hte nose
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maxillary branch
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branch of the trigeminal nerve that has a sensory function to innervate the balls of the cheeks, maxillae, and the rest of hte nose
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mandibular branch
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branch of the trigeminal nerve that has both sensory and motor functions because it innervates the mandible and the muscles of chewing
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CN VI
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abducens nerve; innervates the fourth rectus muscle of hte eye
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CN VII
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facial nerve; between the pons and the medulla oblongata; has both sensory and motor functions (Senses taste from the atnerior two thirds of the tongue and innervates the facial muscles for expressions; also innervates glands)
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CN VIII
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Vestibulocochlear nerve; main cranial nerve responsible for both hearing and balance (sensory only); betweem the pons and medulla; has two branches (vestibular branch-balance and cochlear branch-hearing)
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CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal nerve; has both sensory and motor functions to sense taste for the posterior one third of hte tongue and salivation, and motor innervates the pharyngeal muscles to aid in swallowing
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CN X
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vagus nerve; has both sensory and motor functions; extends to all internal organs to sense whats going on inside hte body (visceral sensory information); mtor function to part of hte pharynx and smooth muscles of all internal organs
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CN XI
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accessory nerve; on the medulal oblongata; motor only to innervate the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles
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CN XII
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hypoglossal nerve; motor only to aid in moving the tongue
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spinal cord
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divided into five regions; runs through the vertebral foramina of the vertebrae
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cauda equina
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part of the spinal cord that is inferior ot the coccygeal region and extends to the coccyx
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conus medullaris
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the end of hte true spinal cord that links to the cauda equina
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filum terminale
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anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal vertebrae
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spinal cord meninges
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layers of connective tissue or spaces surrounding the spinal cord neurons; epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space and pia mater
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gray commissure
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connects the two halves of gray matter in the spinal cord
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posterior root
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region of gray matter int he spinal cord that contains the sensory nuclei
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anterior root
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region of gray matter in the spinal cord that contains the motor nuclei
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posterior root ganglion
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ganglion on the posterior root that contains sensory PNS cells
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rami communicantes
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branches off the anterior ramus and connects to the sympathetic trunk ganglion (contains sympathetic neuron cell bodies)
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dermatome map
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a map that approximate the area of skin from whch each spinal nerve receives sensory input
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lumbar spinal nerves
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spinal nerves that receive from the atnerior legs and lower back
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sacral
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spinal nerves that receive from the psoterior legs
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thoracic
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spinal nerves that receive from the chest and abdomen
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thoracic
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spinal nerves that contain the anterior rami of T1-T12; innervate the intercostal muscles and receive sensory input from the chest walls; T7-T12 also innervate the abdominal muscles and abdominal skin
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plexus
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a group of nerves
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cervical plexus
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plexus only considered to contain C1-C4 with a minor contribution from C5
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number of cervical nerves
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8
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number of thoracic nerves
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12
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numer of lumbar nerves
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5
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number of sacral nerves
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5
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number of coccygeal nerves
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1
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phrenic nerve
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contains axons from C3 - C5 and innervates the diaphragm
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brachial plexus
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plexus that contains nerves C5 through T1; innervates the arms; nerves from this plexus join tof orm lateral, posterior and medial cords around the scapula; has five main branches
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musculocutaneous nerve
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nerve that innervaets the upper arm; sensory on the lateral forearm
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median nerve
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nerve that innervates the atnerior forearm muscles and lateral hand muscles; sensory on the lateral half of palms and backside of hte finger tip
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radial nerve
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nerve that innervates the posterior forearm and upper arm sensory in the same area
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ulnar nerve
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nerve that innervates the ulnar side of the arm and is sensory in the pinky and ring fingersq
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axillary nerveq
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nerve that innervates the shoulder and is sensory in the same region
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lumbar plexus
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plexus that contains nerves L1 through L5 and has two main branches
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femoral nerve
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nerve that inntervates the anterior thigh muscles; sensory in the anterior thigh and medial calf
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obturator nerveq
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nerve that is motor and sensory in the medial thigh muscles
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sacral plexus
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plexus that contains nerves L4 through S4; has two main branches
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tibial nerve
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nerve that innervates the posterior muscles of hte thigh and calf; is sensory on the plantar surface of the foot
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fibular nerve
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nerve that branche sinto superificla and deep branche snear the lateral knee
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superficial branch
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branch of hte fibular nerve thatinnervates the lateral calf muscles' sensory here and on the dorsal surface of hte foot
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deep branch
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branch of the fibular nerve that innervates the anterior calf muscles and is sensory between the first and second toes
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somatic nervous system
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nervous system that is conscious and voluntary;t he motor neuron extends from the spinal cord directly to its effectors, which are skeletal muscles
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autonomic nervous system
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nervous system that is unconscious/involuntary; motor nejuron extends from the spinal cord to a second neuron through a ganglion; effectors are smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
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parasympathetic division
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division of the autonomic nervous system that is rest and digest; maintains homeostasis; does not have cell bodies int he sympathetic trunk ganglion; long first projection and short second projection; minimal or no axon divergence; includes cranila nerve III, VII, IX, and X
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sympathetic division
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division of the autonomic nervous system that is rfight or flight; has a short first projection and long second projection; extensive axon divergence that allows activation of many systems from a single stimula; cell bodies located in lateral horns of T1-L2
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pupil
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central region of the eye
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iris
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eye color
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sclera
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white portion of the eye
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conjunctiva
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thin epithelium that covers the sclera of hte eyeq
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cornea
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structure of hte eye that covers the lens and iris
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fibrous tunic
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tunic of the eye that is the outer layer and contains the cornea and sclera
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vscular tunic
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tunic of the eye that is the cnetral layer and contains the choroids, cilitary body and iris
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dilator pupillae muscle
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muscle in the pupil whose fibers project from the outside to the inside of the iris and its contraction makes the pupil larger
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sphincter pupillae muscle
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muscle in the pipil tha tis a ceoncentric circle and its contraction makes pupil smaller
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neural tunic
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tunic of the eye that is also called the retina; contains the neurons used to receive light; extensive blood vessels cover the outer layer of the retina
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optic disc
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the region of hte cornea where th e optic nerve fibers exit the eye; called the blind spot because there is no vision here
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fovea centralis
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a small depression in the retina that is the area of sharpest vision
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rods
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more numerous neurons int he neural layer that receive light and focus in low light; have less visual acuity and color clarity
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cones
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neurons in the neural layer that require intense light for function; are most concentrated in the fovea centralis and are sparse or absent in the anterior portions of the retina; provide color
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external ear
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part of hte ear that contains the auricle, exernal auditory canal, and tympanic membrane
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auricle
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funnel-like structure of the external ear
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tympanic membrane
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part of hte external ear that is known as the eardrum; separates the exernal and middle ear
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middle ear
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part of the ear that contains the auditory ossicles
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inner ear
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part of the ear that is separated from the middle ear by the oval window; contains structures for hearing and equilibrium reception
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the middle ear
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the auditory tube connects this part of the ear to the outside via the nost; auditory ossicles are suspended here;
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inner ear
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this part of the ear is surrounded by the bony labyrinth, that covers the membranous labyrinth, that contains endolymph; has three main regions, the vesstibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea
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ampullae
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direct rotational movement in the inner ear
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spiral organ
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1membranous labyrinth in this structure in the cochlea is involved in sound perception
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tectorial membrane
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vibration of the hair cells are covered by this membrane in the cochlea
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arteries
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carry blood away from the heart
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veins
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carry blood towards the heart
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pulmonary circuit
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consists of the cham bers on the right side of the heart as well as the pulmonary arteries and veins; conveys blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries to reduce carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen levels; return to the left side of the heart
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systemic circuit
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contains the chambers on the left side of the heart along with all the other named blood vessels; carries blood to all the peripheral organs and tissue sof hte body; blood tha tis high in oxygen is puumped into the aorta, then gas exchange occurs; these veins carry the blood to the superior and inferior vena cavae. which drain blood into the right atrium
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base
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the posteriosuperior surface of the heart that is formed primarily by the left atrium
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apex
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the inferior conical end of the heart
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pericardium
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the fluid filled sac surrounding the heart that restricts heart movements os tha tit doesnt bounce and move about and prevents it from overfilling with blood; hast wo main components
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fibrous pericardium
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the outer portion of hte pericardium that is a dense connective tissue layer
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serous pericardium
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the inner portion of the pericardium that is a thin double llayered serous membrane that has two layers
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parietal layer
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layer of the serous pericardium that lines the inner surface of hte fibrous pericardium
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visceral layer
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layer of hte serous periocardium that covers the outside of the heart
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epicardium
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the outermost heart layer and is also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium; composed of a serous membrane and aerolar connective tissue
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myocardium
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the middle layer of the heart wall that is the actual cardiac muscle; is the thickest
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endocardium
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the internal surface of the heart and the external surface of the heart valves; composed of a simple squamous epithelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue
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atria
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thin walled chambers within the heart located superiorly; the right receives blood from the systemioc circuit and the left receives blood from the pulmonary circuit
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ventricles
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the inferior chambers of the heart; the two large arteries, the pulmonary trunk goes in to the right and the aorta goes from the left
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superior vena cava
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receives blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk; empties into the right atrium
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inferior vena cava
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receives blood from the lower limbs and trunk; emptiees into the right atrium
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coronary sinus
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drains blood from the heart wall and empties into the right atrium
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right ventricle
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receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium
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right atrium
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receives venous blood from the systemic circuit
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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marks the end of the right ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk
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pulmonary trunk
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divides shortly into the left and right pulmonary arteries, whcih carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
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systemic circulation
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circulation that consist of the blood vessels that extend to and from the body
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pulmonary circulation
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circulation that consists of blood vessels that extend to and from the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange
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arteries
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become progressively smaller as they divide and are farther from the heart
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veins
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become progessively larger as they merge and are closer to the heart
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tunica interna
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tunic of the heart that is composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connectie tissue;l is the innermost layer
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tunica media
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the middle tunic of the blood vessel; composed of circularly arra ged layers of smooth uscles cells and is involutnary; thicker in arteries
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tunic externa1
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the outermost layer of blood vessel wall; cmoposed of an aerola connective tissue that contains elastic fibersl helps anchor the vessel to other structures; thickest in veins
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capillaries
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the smallest blood vessels; tha t connect arterioles to venules; most consists solely of a tunica interna; optimal for diffusion of ghases and nuitrients between blood in the ccapillaries and body tissue
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metarteriole
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a vessel branch of an arteriole that feeds the capillary beds
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continuous
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the most common t ype of capillaries; have a completely continious lining and are connected by tight junctions; foun din muscle skin and teh thuymus
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fenestrated
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type of capillary that has holes within each endothelial cell; the basement membrane remins continuous; seen where a great deal of fluid transport between the blood and interstitial fluid occurs (small intestine)
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sinusoids
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capillaries that have larger gapsl their basement memb rane is either discontinuous or absent; wider larger vesselss with openings that allow for transport of larger materials such as proteins or cells
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venules
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the smallest veins; companoin vessels with arterioles since both sipply the same areas and are of similar size; merge to form veins
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veins
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smaller and medium sized veins that typically travel with muscular artiers; while larger veins travel with elastic arties;
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function of the lymphatic system
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fluid and nutrient transport, lymphocyte development, and immuner esponse
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lacteals
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structures in the lymphatic system that transport dietary lipids
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antigens
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any substances abnormal to the body
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antibodies
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proteins that bind to and immobilize foreign or abnormal agent, damaging it or identifying it to other elements of hte immune sytem
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lymphatic capillaries
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found among most blood capillary networks; lacteals are this type; lymp vessels that pick up interstitial fluid and dietary lipids and vitaminsl the lymph of this area is called chyle and it has a milky color
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lymphatic vessels
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vessels formed from the merging of lymphatic capiullaries; resemble small veins that contain three tunics and valves
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afferent vessels
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bring lymph to a lymph node, where it is filtered
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efferent vessels
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lymph exits the lymph node through these vessels once it is filtered
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jugular trunks
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trunks that drain lymph from the head and neck
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subclavian trunks
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trunks that drain lymph from the upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thoracic wall
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bronchomediastinal trunks
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trunks that drain lymph from the deep thoracic structures
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intestinal trunks
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trunks that drain lymph from the abdominal structures
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lumbar trunks
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trunks that drain lymph from the lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs
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lymphatic ducts
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ducts that receive lymph from the lymphatic trunks
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right lymphatic duct
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duct that returns lymph into the junction of the right subclavian and the right internal jugular vein; receives lymph from the lymphatic trunks that drain the right side of the head and neck, right iupper limb, and right side of the thorax
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thoracic duct
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lymphatic duct that travels superiorly and p-asses through the aortic opening of hte diaphragm, and then ascends to the left of the vertebral body midline; drains lymph into the junction of the elft and right subclavian and the left internal jugular veins
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MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue)
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lymphatic nodules that are locate din the lamina propria and detect antigens and initiate an immune response
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lymphatic nodules
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oval clusters of lymphatic cells that are not surrou ded by a connective tissue capsule
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germinal center
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the center of a lypmhatic nodule that contains b lymphocytes and some macrophages
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lymphatic organs
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lymphatic cells that are completley surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
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thymus
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bilobed organ that contains t lymphocytes that do not participate in the immuner esponse and are protected from antigens in the body by a well formed blood organ barrier
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lymph nodes
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small round lymphatic organs that are located alon ght epathways of lymph vessels; primary function is to filter antigens from lymph and initiate an immune response when necessary
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axillary
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lymph nodes found in the breast, axilla, and upper limb
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inguinal
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lymph nodes that reveive lymph from the lower limb and pelvis
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cervical
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lymph nodes that receive lyumph from the head and neck
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spleen
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initiates an immune response when antigens foun din blood, serves as a reservoir for blood, kills old blood
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white pulp
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pulp associated with the arterial supply of the spleen
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red pulp
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pulp associated wtih the venous supply of the spleen
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proximal convoluted tubule
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oringinates at the tubular poile of the renal corpuscle and is lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium; cells actively reabsorb almost all ntrueitsn, electrolytes, and any plasma proteins fcrom the tubular fluid; solutes and water are returned ot the vascular system via the peritubular capillaries
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nephron loop
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facilitate the reabsorption of water and solutes frmo the tubular fluid
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distal convoluted tubule
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oringinates int he renal cortex; secrete ions sucn as potassium and acid into the tubular fluidl reabsorbs water
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