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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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eukaryotic cell |
one with a nucleus and organelles |
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lysosomes |
bag of enzymes |
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doesnt require energy |
diffusion osmosis and facilitated diffusion |
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requires energy |
active transport |
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sodium potassium pump |
more sodium is outside the cell than in it |
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how to excite muscles |
allow sodium back into cell |
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epithelial tissues |
found on body surface and lining many structures |
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epithelial tissue types |
simple squamous lungs cuboidal cells kidney stratified squamous skin |
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connective tissue |
adipose fat dense regular or fibrous tendons hyaline cartilage compact bone |
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Plasma |
liquid contains hormones wastes proteins and antibodies |
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most numerous blood cell |
erythrocytes (red cells) |
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hemoglobin |
helps transport oxygen |
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phagocytes |
white blood cells |
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types of phagocytes |
monocytes macrophages and neutrophil |
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lymphocytes |
B cells and T cells |
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B cells |
important in antibody production |
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T cells |
monitor for tumor and viral problems |
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Other types of white blood cells |
basophils eosinophils have granules |
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what color do eosinophils and basophils stain |
eosinophils stain red basophils blue |
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platlets |
cell fragments that plug leaks |
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how do they stabilize a clot |
proteins work together to produce a net |
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where are key proteins made |
kidneys |
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how do we break up clots |
plasmIN |
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What type of antigens can red cells display |
A antigens B antigens |
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what if the cell doesnt display an antigen |
they have type O blood |
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why doesnt the immune system attack O blood |
they dont see foreign flags |
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which cells build bones |
osteoblasts |
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which cells reshape and chew up bones |
osteoslasts |
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what are growth plates made of |
hyaline cartilage |
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where is spongy bone found |
core of the bone |
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what are the tiny beams in the core of the bone called |
trabeculae |
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where in the bones are red blood cells found |
bone marrow |
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what bones are involved in the shoulder joint |
humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula |
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what muscles are in the rotator cuff |
supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor and subscapularis |
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what stabilizes the knee |
ligaments |
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what do cruciate ligaments do |
keep the anterior and posterior ligaments in check |
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what do collateral ligaments do |
prevents side to side movement |
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what is a synovial joint |
a mobile joint |
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what are characteristics of a synovial joint |
fluid secreting membrane lining the joint |
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where does the skeletal muscles start and end |
origin (bone which does not move) and an insertion (bone which moves) |
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what connects skeletal muscles to bone |
tendons |
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what is the working unit of a muscle |
sarcomere |
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myosin |
thick filaments |
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thin filaments |
actin |
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what do the filaments do that shortens the muscle |
they row past each other and they increase the degree of overlap |
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what regulates the shortening of muscles |
troponin and tropomyosin |
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where are troponin and tropomyosin found |
thin filament with actin |
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why do we see striated patterns under the microscope when looking at muscle fibers |
the overlapping pattern of thick and thin filaments |
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A band |
includes thick filaments and overlap areas |
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I band |
only thin filaments |
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what is the oxygen storage molecule in muscle |
myoglobin |
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is dark muscle better for a lifter or a runner |
runner holds more oxygen |
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what is an example of nonspecific responders |
phagocytes and the complement system |
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specific system examples |
lymphocytes |
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what identifies a cell as self |
the cell surface markers |
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what are the cell surface markers known as |
MHC antigens |
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why are MHC antigens important in transplants |
to make sure the new organ isnt rejected |
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plasma cells |
b lymphocytes |
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which are made first IgM antibodies or IgG |
IgM IgG are made later and last a longer time |
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what do vaccines do |
stimulate antibody production and teach lymphocytes this is called producing active immunity |
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what type of virus is HIV |
retrovirus it damages T helper lymphocytes |
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what protects the upper airway |
the epiglottis |
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what houses the vocal cords |
the larynx |
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what does the trachea lead to |
the 2 main bronchial tubes |
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what is air to the gas exchange areas called |
alveoli |
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how are gases exchanged with blood |
diffusion of molecules |
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how many lobes does the right lung have |
3 |
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how many lobes does the left lung have |
2 |
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what are the membranes lining the chest and lungs called and what do they do |
the pleura reduces friction |
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how many chambers does the heart have |
4 |
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what is the upper receiving chambers |
artria left and right atriums |
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what are the pumping chambers called |
ventricles |
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what side of the heart has poorly oxygenated blood |
right |
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what type of blood does the right side of the heart have |
well oxygenated |
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how many atrioventricular valves are there |
2 |
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which side is the tricuspid on |
right |
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what side is the mitral on |
left |
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what are the exit valves |
semilunar valves |
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what is the right semilunar valve called |
pulmonic |
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what is the left semilunar valve called |
aortic |
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what is the sound of a heartbeat |
valve closing |
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what is the first sound of a heart beat |
av valve closing |
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what is the second sound of a heart beat |
semilunar valves |
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where does the heart get its blood supply from |
the coronary arteries |
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what is blocked during a heart attack |
the coronary arteries |
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what is the heart muscle |
myocardium |
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what does the electrical system of the heart consist of |
SA node (pacemaker) the av node the bundles and purkinje fibers |
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what records atrial excitation |
The P wave and the EKG |
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what records the ventricular excitation |
the QRS waves |
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what records the ventricular recovery |
the T wave |
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do arteries carry blood to or from the heart |
away |
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exceptions to arteries carrying blood away |
pulmonary artery umbilical arteries headed to placenta |
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why are arteries thicker than veins |
to withstand the pressures during systole |
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why do arteries have an elastic recoil |
to maintain diastolic blood pressure as the heart rests |
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what is connected to the pharynx |
esophagus |
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what is at the stomach entrance of the stomach |
lower esophageal sphincter |
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what is at the stomach exit |
pyloric sphincter |
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3 parts of small intestine in order |
duodenum jejunum ileum |
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5 parts of large intestine |
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon |
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where is feces stored and where does it exit |
rectum then it exits the anus |
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what side is the cecum on |
right |
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which side is the sigmoid on |
left |
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what organs contribute to digestive fluids |
liver pancreas and gall bladder |
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what hormones stimulate the liver gall bladder and pancreas |
Secretin and CCK |
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Where do the bile and digestive fluids from the pancreas to |
the duodenum via ducts |
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how does food travel from the pharynx to the rectum |
pharynx->esophagus->esophageal sphincter->stomach->pyloric sphincter-> duodenum->jejunum->ileum->cecum->ascending colon->transverse colon->descending colon->sigmoid colon->rectum |
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what is the head of the pancreas near and what is the tail by |
duodenum and spleen |
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what are the livers 2 key blood supplies |
the portal vein carrying food from intestines the hepatic artery from the celiac artery |
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where does blood leave the liver from |
central vein travels out the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava |
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what do we call the blood vessel branches and bile duct triad at the corners of each liver lobule |
triad |
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how do you catch hepatitis a |
ingesting contaminated food and water |
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how are hepatitis b and c contracted |
they are viral so through blood exposure |
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which hepatitis do we have safe vaccines for |
a and b |
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what is the key cell of the nervous system |
neuron |
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what are the neuron cell extensions called and what do they do |
the dendrite receives information axons send information |
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what insulates the acons |
myelin damaged in multiple sclerosis |
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how many spinal nerves do we have |
31 pairs |
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how many cranial nerves do we have |
12 pairs |
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where do spinal nerves allow sensory & incoming information to enter |
the posterior spinal root |
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where does outgoing motor information leave the cord |
the anterior root |
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where does information travel in the cord |
white matter |
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what does grey matter do |
processes information and is the location of neuron cell bodies and nuclei |
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where does sensory information cross |
in the medulla |
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what happens with motor information in the medulla |
crosses in the medulla |
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what is the first cranial nerve |
olfactory (smell) |
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what is the second cranial nerve |
optic (vision) |
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what do the third fourth and sixth cranial nerves control |
eye movement |
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what is the 5th cranial nerve |
trigeminal (face sensation) |
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what is the 7th cranial nerve |
facial (facial movement) |
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what is the 8th cranial nerve |
auditory (hearing and balance) |
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what does the 9th cranial nerve control |
manages gag reflex |
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what is the 10th cranial nerve |
vagus (gut activity) |
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what is the 11th cranial nerve |
spinoaccessory (shoulder shrug) |
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what is the 12th cranial nerve |
hypoglossal (tongue movement) |
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what does the frontal cerebral lobe have |
motor strip |
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what does the parietal cerebral lobe have |
sensory strip |
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what does the temporal lobe manage |
hearing and occipital vision |
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what does the hypothalamus do |
connects with the pituitary |
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what are other key areas of the brain |
the medulla and pons control basic life functions |
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what does the cerebellum do |
coordinates motor activity |
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what cells support neurons |
glial cells |
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what are the gaps neurons must negotiate called |
synapses |
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what does a lack of cause parkinsons |
dopamine |
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what does a lack of cause alzheimers |
acetycholine |
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what does a lack of cause depression |
serotonin |
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what helps focus the lens |
cornea |
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what is reshaped during lasik surgery |
the cornea |
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what is the inner layer of the eye |
retina |
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what are rods and cones |
photo receptors |
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what do the cones do |
manage color vision and are highly concentrated in the fovea |
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why is there a blind spot |
where the optic nerves and vessels are exiting |
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what are the other layers of the eye |
the outer layer is the sclera the middle is the choroid |
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what does the iris do |
adjust pupil size |
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what is our lens connected to |
ciliary muscles |
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what is the name of the ear drum |
tympanic membrane |
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what is in the middle ear |
malleus incus and stapes and they convey vibrations to the oval windows |
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what does the cochlea do with the vibrations |
sends them to the 8th cranial nerve |
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what parts of the ear are involved with balance |
semicircular canals and vestibule |
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what manages pressure in the middle ear |
eustachian or auditory tube that connects to the pharynx |
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what are the 3 major regions of the kidney |
outer cortex middle medulla and the inner pelvis |
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what carries urine to the bladder |
ureters
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what allows urine to exit the bladder |
urethra |
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what is the nephrons filtering unit |
the glomerulus and bowmans capsule the PCT, loop and DCT |
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where are small things that enter the filtrate reabsorbed |
PCT |
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what in the kidney can stimulate red blood cell production |
erythropoietin |
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what cause adrenal secretion of aldosterone to raise blood pressure |
renin |
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what are the 2 hormones that are produced by the kidneys |
erythropoietin and renin |
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where is the pituitary in relation to the optic chiasm |
posterior |
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where is the thyroid in relation to the larynx |
inferior |
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what are the anterior pituitary hormones |
TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, and prolactin |
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what are the posterior pituitary hormones |
ADH and oxytocin |
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what does the thyroid secrete and what does it do |
thyroxin to control metabolism and calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels |
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what can raise blood calcium levels |
parathyroids |
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what does the adrenal cortex secrete |
cortisol sex hormones and aldosterone |
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what does the adrenal cortex secrete |
adrenalin |
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what does the pancreas islet cells make |
insulin lowers blood sugar glucagon raises it |
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what hormone is released to make sperm in the seminiferous tubules |
FSH |
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what hormone is made in response to LH |
leydig cells make testosterone |
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the follicle cells prepare an egg in response to what hormone |
FSH |
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estrogen and progesterone prepares for what |
the uterus endometrium for a potential implantation |
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what are the 3 key male accessory glands |
seminal vesicles, prostate, and cowpers gland contribute to semen |
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what are the 2 key membranes that protect the fetus |
amnion secretes fluid and chorion secretes HCG |
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what does the umbilical cord attach the baby to |
the placenta |
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how many veins and arteries are in the umbilical cord |
2 blue arteries and 1 red vein |
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what are the 2 lung bypass routes in a baby |
the foramen ovale (hole in the heart) and the ductus areriosis (pulonary artery to aorta) |
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how many types of bases are there |
4 but its 3 billion letters long |
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to grow and replace cells what type of cell division do we use |
mitosis |
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gametes or sperm and egg use what type of diffusion |
meiosis |
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carcinomas originate where |
epithelial tissues |
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sarcomas come from what tissues |
connective |
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what is angiogenesis |
formation of new blood vessels
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how do you know a tumor is cancerous |
if it goes outsidethe site of origin metastasize |
