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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are antigen presenting cells (APCs)? |
they engulf antigens and present (part of) them to cells that will actually deal with them. Major APCs are dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes |
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What is the function of helper T-cells? |
they do not directly destroy any diseased cells or microorganisms. They recruit/interact with other cells to fight invaders. They release a variety of cytokine chemicals which indirectly acts to rid the body of antigens |
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What is the function of killer T-cells, or cytotoxic cells? |
specializes in killing viruses, cancer, or foreign graft cells. Binds onto foreign cells and releases perforins and granzymes which causes holes and eventually death in the foreign cell |
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What is active immunity? |
When B-cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them. Active immunity is naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections and artificially acquired when we receive vaccines. tl;dr vaccine, or body makes its own antibodies in response to an infection |
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What is passive immunity? |
Antibodies are obtained from the serum of an immune human or animal donor. B-cells are not challenged by the antigen, immunological memory does not occur, and the temporary protection provided by the "borrowed antibodies" ends when they naturally degrade in the body. Used, for example, when a disease can kill a person before active immunity can be established. tl;dr "borrows" antibodies |
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Describe antibodies |
They bind specifically to a pathogen Every antibody has a basic structure of 4 amino acids chains linked together by disulfide bonds (2 of the 4 chains are identical and contain ≈400 amino acids; these are called heavy chains. Light chains are identical to each other but are 1/2 as long as heavy chains). Each of the 4 chains has a variable region and a larger constant region |
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Explain the difference between natural killer cells and cytotoxic/killer T-lymphoctyes |
Natural killer cells are part of the nonspecific branch and are not picky. they inject perforins into the foreign cell Cytotoxic/killer T-lymphocytes are part of the specific branch. They are cell-mediated and more specific. |
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Which branch of the immune system forms antibodies? |
specific |
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Name the functions of the nasal cavity |
moistens air, traps incoming bacteria, ciliated cells move the contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat |
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What type of cells make up the respiratory epithelium? |
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is composed of: 1. ciliated cells 2. goblet cells (produces mucus which traps dust and other debris) 3. basal cells |
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Name the 3 regions of the pharynx and the function of each |
1. nasopharynx - for air 2. oropharynx - passage for air + food 3. laryngopharnyx - passage for air + food |
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Explain external vs internal respiration |
External respiration: oxygen is loaded into the pulmonary blood and the blood unloads carbon dioxide into the lungs via alveoli Internal respiration: carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissue into the blood. oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissue |
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Function of the alveoli |
For gas exchange. Composed of simple squamous epithelium. |
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Explain COPD and the 2 pathologies usually associated with it |
COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis is when the mucosa of lower respiratory passages become inflamed and mucus production increases, pools, and impairs ventilation + gas exchange. Victims are often called "blue bloaters" Emphysema is when the alveoli enlarge. Airways collapse during expiration and obstruct outflow of air. Victims are often called "pink puffers" |
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draw a nephron |
make sure it looks like this |
