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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Taste buds are both
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exteroceptors and chemoreceptors.
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Pain that is perceived as being superficial but actually is caused by an underlying organ is called
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referred pain
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Visceroceptors are located in
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Internal organs
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The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the
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Ruffini corpuscles.
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The organ of Corti is located in the
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cochlear duct
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The sense organs responsible for static equilibrium are located in the
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utricle.
saccule. |
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Presbyopia is a condition resulting from:
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loss of lens elasticity
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structure of the middle ear
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Incus
Stapes Auditory tube |
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Proprioceptors can be found in
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skeletal muscles
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Taste buds can be found
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in the lining of the mouth.
on the soft palate. on the tongue. |
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Nerve impulses over the ____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate.
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vagus
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The spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord and consist of
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31 pairs
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Damage to the ____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function.
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phrenic
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the neurotransmitter(s) in a somatic motor pathway
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Acetylcholine
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the autonomic nervous system
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It operates without conscious control.
It regulates visceral activities. All of its neurons are motor. |
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an effector of the autonomic nervous system
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Blood vessels
Sweat glands Iris of the eye |
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The autonomic nervous system functions chiefly in the
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innervation of smooth muscle in the viscera.
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Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may:
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synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron.
send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia. pass through one or more ganglia without synapsing. |
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Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in
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nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord.
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examples of parasympathetic stimulation
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contraction of the urinary bladder.
relaxation of the sphincters of the digestive tract. increased salivation. |
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Norepinephrine is liberated at
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most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings
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Propranolol is an example of
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a beta blocker.
a drug used to treat irregular heartbeats. a drug used to treat hypertension. |
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Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the
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choroid plexuses.
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Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are
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sensory.
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The brainstem includes the
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pons.
medulla. midbrain. |
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The part of the brain that can influence the release of hormones or the endocrine system is the:
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hypothalamus
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Impulses from which system play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum
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Reticular activating system
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The cerebrospinal fluid resides in the
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ventricles of the brain.
subarachnoid space. central canal of the spinal cord. |
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The white matter of the cerebellum is called the
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arbor vitae.
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The corpus callosum connects the:
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cerebral hemispheres
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The foramen magnum is the structure that divides the
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medulla oblongata from the spinal cord
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Endocrine glands may be made up of
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glandular epithelium.
neurosecretory tissue. |
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Tropic hormones
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target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.
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The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the
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anterior pituitary
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The neurohypophysis serves as a storage and release site for
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antidiuretic hormone.
oxytocin. |
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The principal thyroid hormone is
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triiodothyronine
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The common molecule from which all steroid hormones are derived is
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cholesterol.
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The term "down-regulation" refers to
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the reduction of the number of hormone receptors in a cell
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Regulation of osmolality
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Sodium
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Inversely related to HCO3 concentration
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Chloride
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Major determinant of resting membrane potential
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Potassium
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ATP is an intracellular metabolic form or organic form of which inorganic cation
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Phosphate
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Acts as an intracellular and extracellular anion buffer
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Phosphate
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Constricts peripheral vessels to increase blood pressure
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Norepinephrine
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Dilates pupils
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Norepinephrine
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Increases cardiac output by increasing hart rate and myocardial contractility
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Epinephrine
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Dilates blood vessels of skeletal muscles allowing greater oxygenation
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Epinephrine
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Decreases glucose uptake in muscles
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Epinephrine
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Decreases insulin release
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Epinephrine
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Increases gastric secretions
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Cortisol
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Forms glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids
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Cortisol
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In the axon terminal of the presynaptic motor neuron, the second difusion event is
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Calcium through voltage gated calcium channels
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In the synapse between the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic motor fiber cell, the primary difusion event is
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ACH resulting from the synaptic vessicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane
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In the skeletal muscle endplate, the postsynaptic motor fiber, the first difusion event is:
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Sodium through ligand gated sodium channels
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In the skeletal muscle endplate, the postsynaptic motor fiber, the second difusion event is
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Sodium through voltage gated sodium channels
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In the skeletal muscle fiber cell, sarcoplasmic reticulum of the postsynaptic motor fiber, the primary difusion event is:
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Calcium through voltage gated calcium channels
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In the skeletal muscle fiber cell, sarcoplasm of the postsynaptic motor fiber, the primary difusion event is:
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Calcium to troponin
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Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the ____ nerve
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trigeminal
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Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm
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Brachial
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A mixed nerve is one that
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carries both sensory and motor fibers.
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The phrenic nerve is found in the
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cervical plexus
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Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the
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coccygeal plexus
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The knee jerk may be classified as a segmental reflex because
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impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord.
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Somatic reflexes consist of
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contractions of skeletal muscles
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Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because
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preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers
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Beta receptors bind to
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norepinephrine
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An effect of cortisol is
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decrease immune response
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released by the ____ in response to stress
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hypothalamus
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Alarm reaction responses resulting from the hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex include:
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hyperglycemia.
decreased immunity. decreased allergic responses. |
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The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is
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IgG.
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The predominant antibody of a secondary response is
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IgG.
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The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is
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IgA.
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The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:
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IgA.
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The antibody associated with allergic reaction is:
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IgE.
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major types of interferon
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leukocyte interferon.
immune interferon. fibroblast interferon. |
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B cell mechanisms are classified as
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antibody-mediated immunity
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become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen
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Memory cells
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Interferon inhibits the spread of:
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viruses.
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Adaptive immunity is also called
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specific immunity
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When an antigen attaches to a naïve B cell, it becomes
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a memory cell.
a plasma cell. an effector B cell. |
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In the first stage of their development, B cells are known by
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naïve B cells.
inactive B cells. virgin B cells. |
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Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells?
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Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
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What is the action of calcitonin?
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Decreases serum calcium
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The smallest contractile unit of muscle is made up of
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Proteins.
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In an embryo, newborn or child, the proliferation of cells in response to stimulation is called:
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hyperplasia.
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Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a ß-adrenergic receptor?
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
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primary method of deriving energy from the substrate Glycogen, glucose, glactose
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Glycolysis
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where is Vitamine D3 is activated
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In the kidney folowing activation by parathyroid hormone
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What is the action of natriuretic peptides?
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They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
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In the classification of exocrine glands, the mammary gland which pinches off a section of the cells cytoplasm is:
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Apocrine
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In the classification of exocrine glands, the sebaceous gland which secrets oil as the cell ruptures completely is:
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Holocrine
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In the classification of exocrine glands, the salivary gland which remains intact and secrets its product directly through the cell membrane is:
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Merocrine
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Where are antibodies produced?
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RER and Golgi
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the primary method of deriving energy from the substrate Glycine,glygerol, glucagon, growth hormone
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Krebs
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