Anatomy Exam #5

Front 1

What is the primary organ of excretion?

Back 1

Kidney

Front 2

What metabolic wastes do the kidneys remove?

Back 2

Urea

Creatinine

Uric acid

Front 3

Urea is produced by the breakdown of -------------

Back 3

Amino acids

Front 4

Besides removing metabolic wastes kindneys are also responsible for...

Back 4

-Maintaining water-salt balance

-Maintaining acid-base balance

-The secretion of hormones (e.g. Renin)

-Reabsorbing filtered nutrients

Front 5

What are the muscular tubes that move urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Back 5

Ureters

Front 6

Define diffusion

Back 6

A substance moves down its concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Front 7

Define Osmosis

Back 7

The diffusion of water. Water wants to go from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high concentration.

Front 8

Define Osmolarity

Back 8

How badly water wants to move into a solution or area. The higher the concentration of solutes the higher the osmolarity/osmotic pressure. A solution with high osmolarity has a lot of solutes.

Front 9

Define active Transport

Back 9

When you are moving something against its concentration gradient. It doesn't want to go that way. It requires energy and a carrier protein.

Front 10

Define buffers

Back 10

Substances that can even out changes in pH levels.

Front 11

Define buffers

Back 11

Substances that can even out changes in pH levels.

Front 12

How does bicarbonate help your blood pH stay at proper levels?

Back 12

Ex-bicarbonate in the blood. If your blood gets too acidic (there are too many hydrogen ions) they will combine with the bicarbonate to form carbonic acid and that brings the pH back up. If the your blood is too basic then carbonic acid will dissociate into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions and it will lower the blood pH.

Front 13

Can you actively Transport water?

Back 13

No

Front 14

How do you get water to move from one side of a membrane to another?

Back 14

Increase the concentration of solutes on the side of the membrane that you want the water to go.

Front 15

Water follows----------

Back 15

Salt

Front 16

The ------------ artery brings blood to the kidney and the ------------- takes the blood away (back to the ❤️)

Back 16

Renal

Renal

Front 17

List the three regions of the kidney from superficial to deep.

Back 17

Renal cortex (bark)

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis (excretion)

Front 18

Define ureters

Back 18

Muscular tubes that move urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Front 19

What is the function of the Urinary bladder?

Back 19

Stores urine

Front 20

What is the function of the Urethra?

Back 20

Carries urine out of the body.

Front 21

What is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Back 21

Nephrons

Front 22

What do nephrons do?

Back 22

They filter the blood and make the urine that drains into the renal pelvis.

Front 23

Define filtrate

Back 23

The stuff that has been pushed out of the blood and into the nephron tube. It's been filtered.

Front 24

Describe the process of how urine is made.

Back 24

1) You start out with the filtrate (what ever gets through the filter)

2) Then some of the stuff is taken out through reabsorption and more stuff is added through secretion

3) What you have at the end is urine.

Front 25

Does water enter the filtrate?

Back 25

Yes

Front 26

Does water enter the filtrate?

Back 26

Yes

Front 27

Do red blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 27

No

Front 28

Does water enter the filtrate?

Back 28

Yes

Front 29

Do red blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 29

No

Front 30

Do white blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 30

No

Front 31

Does water enter the filtrate?

Back 31

Yes

Front 32

Do red blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 32

No

Front 33

Do white blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 33

No

Front 34

Does glucose enter the filtrate?

Back 34

Yes

Front 35

Does water enter the filtrate?

Back 35

Yes

Front 36

Do red blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 36

No

Front 37

Do white blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 37

No

Front 38

Does glucose enter the filtrate?

Back 38

Yes

Front 39

Do amino acids enter the filtrate?

Back 39

Does water enter the filtrate?

Front 40

Does water enter the filtrate?

Back 40

Yes

Front 41

Do red blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 41

No

Front 42

Do white blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 42

No

Front 43

Does glucose enter the filtrate?

Back 43

Yes

Front 44

Do amino acids enter the filtrate?

Back 44

Does water enter the filtrate?

Front 45

Does sodium enter the filtrate?

Back 45

Yes

Front 46

Does water enter the filtrate?

Back 46

Yes

Front 47

Do red blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 47

No

Front 48

Do white blood cells enter the filtrate?

Back 48

No

Front 49

Does glucose enter the filtrate?

Back 49

Yes

Front 50

Do amino acids enter the filtrate?

Back 50

Does water enter the filtrate?

Front 51

Does sodium enter the filtrate?

Back 51

Yes

Front 52

Do platelets enter the filtrate?

Back 52

Yes

Front 53

Does bicarbonate enter the filtrate?

Back 53

Yes

Front 54

Do plasma proteins enter the filtrate?

Back 54

No

Front 55

Do metabolic wastes enter the filtrate?

Back 55

Yes

Front 56

How does blood get to the Glomerulous capsule?

Back 56

1) The blood enters the kidney through the renal artery

2) it branches into smaller and smaller arteries

3) the blood gets to an afferent arteriole

4) the afferent arteriole brings blood to the glomerulous capsule

Front 57

How does blood get to the Glomerulous capsule?

Back 57

1) The blood enters the kidney through the renal artery

2) it branches into smaller and smaller arteries

3) the blood gets to an afferent arteriole

4) the afferent arteriole brings blood to the glomerulous capsule

Front 58

What is the Glomerulous?

Back 58

A knot of capillaries inside the Glomerular capsule.

Front 59

Describe the peritubular capillaries

Back 59

1) They are around the tubes of the nephron.

2) An efferent arteriole brings blood from the Glomerulous to the peritubular capillaries.

Front 60

What do the Peritubular capillaries do?

Back 60

1) absorb things that the kidneys pull out of the filtrate and contribute things that get secreted into the filtrate.

2) Put stuff into the blood and take stuff out of the blood in this process

3) the blood is drained into a venule that becomes a vein and leaves through the renal vein

Front 61

In the nefron the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole. What does theirs do?

Back 61

It makes the blood pressure in the Glomerulous higher.

Front 62

Where in the nephron does filtration happen?

Back 62

Glomerulous

Front 63

Why do we want the blood pressure in the Glomerulous to be high?

Back 63

We are filtering so we want to push stuff out of the Glomerulous and into the Glomerular capsule. The stuff that gets pushed into the capsule and then goes into the tubes is the filtrate.

Front 64

What is the first twisty portion of tube that comes off of the Glomerular capsule?

Back 64

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Front 65

Where does the filtrate go after the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

Back 65

Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)

Front 66

The loop of Henle dips down into the ......

Back 66

Medula

Front 67

Where does the filtrate go after leaving the loop of Henle?

Back 67

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Front 68

After leaving the Distal Convoluted Tubule the filtrate goes to the...

Back 68

Collecting Duct

Front 69

What does the Collecting duct do?

Back 69

It collects the filtrate that is going to become urine from a bunch of different nephrons. It starts in the cortex but it dives deep down into the medulla so that the urine can be funneled into the renal pelvis.

Front 70

What are the steps of filtration?

Back 70

1) From the renal artery afferent arteriole transport blood to the Glomerulous

2) Filtration takes place in the Glomerular capsule

3) Water, salts, nutrients and wasted move from the Glomerulous into the Glomerular capsule

4) Blood pressure is higher in the Glomerulous because the afferent arteriole is wiser than the efferent arteriole.

5) Fenestrated epithelium and high blood pressure in the Glomeruli capillaries allow fluid, salts and small molecules (glucose & bicarbonate) to flow into the Glomerular capsule.

6) The large pores (fenestre) of the fenestrated capillaries can hold back blood cells and platelets but not plasma proteins from the Glomerular filtrate.

7) Instead the Glomerular basement membrane is composed of glycoproteins that are negatively charged and block plasma proteins (which are also negatively charged) from entering the filtrate.

8) There are filtration slits with slit diaphragms that work together with the charges basement membrane to exclude plasma proteins by size and charge.

9) The filtrate then enters the Tubule of the capsule

Front 71

What is a fenestrae?

Back 71

Large pore in the fenestrated capillaries

Front 72

What charge does the basement membrane is a nephron have?

Back 72

Negative

Front 73

Which molecules are blocked from entering the filtrate by the negatively charged basement membrane and diaphragm slits of the nephron?

Back 73

Plasma proteins (also negative so they are repelled)

Front 74

Where does reabsorption take place?

Back 74

Renal cortex

Front 75

Why is reabsorption important?

Back 75

▪️Only 1.5 liters of your filtrate becomes urine ( out of 180 liters). Most of the water is reabsorbed.

▪️Because people have an average blood volume of 5.5 liters most of it is returned to the blood.

▪️ You filter way more than your total blood volume every day.

▪️Most of it has to be put back or you would run out is blood and dehydrate.

Front 76

First trace how the filtrate passes from the Glomerular Capsule to the collecting duct. Then explain what the Peritubular capillaries do during this process.

Back 76

1) the filtrate moves through the proximal convoluted tubule.

2) then through the loop of Henle

3) then through the distal Convoluted Tubule

4) then to the collecting duct

All along this process the peritubular capillaries (that surround the nephron tubes) are going to be reabsorbing a lot of the filtrate.

Front 77

What happens to the filtrate that isn't reabsorbed by the Peritubular capillaries?

Back 77

It ends up in the urine.

Front 78

Most of the reabsorption happens in the ...

Back 78

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Front 79

What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal Convoluted Tubule?

Back 79

65%

Front 80

Describe the process of reabsorption of sodium and chloride (salt).

Back 80

▪️Most of it happens in the proximal Convoluted Tubule

▪️The sodium potassium pump is in the epithelium that line he tube and is actively transporting sodium into the interstitial fluid around the tubes.

▪️ from The interstitial fluid it can then go into the blood through the peritubular capillaries.

▪️chloride ions passively diffuse out of the proximal Convoluted Tubule because it follows sodium. Sodium has a positive charge and chloride has a negative charge so it is electrically attracted to the sodium.

So you get to keep your salt! Yay!

Front 81

How is most of the water reabsorbed in the proximal Convoluted Tubule?

Back 81

It follows the salt out through osmosis. (Sodium potassium pump pumps out sodium and chloride follows). Then it diffuses into the blood and you get your water back.

Front 82

Describe the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids.

Back 82

These have to be actively transported out of the filtrate.

Glucose and amino acids enter the filtrate in the Glomerular Capsule.

There are carrier proteins in the proximal Convoluted Tubule whose job it is to grab the glucose and amino acids and pump them out of the proximal Convoluted Tubule into the interstitial fluid where it can be picked up by the Peritubular capillaries and whisked away.

We use sodium moving down its concentration gradient to actively transport glucose and amino acids.

Sodium and glucose move together into the epithelial cells and out into the interstitial fluid.

If all of the carrier proteins are busy this system can be overwhelmed and glucose can end up in the urine . (Diabetes). This happens with inadequate insulin amounts or if you just don't respond to it anymore (insulin gets the glucose out of your blood and into your muscle fibers as glycogen)

Front 83

Describe the secretion of H+

Back 83

▪️An anti porter is used

▪️Sodium and Hydrogen are moved in opposite directions

▪️You are reabsorbing the sodium (moving it out of the tube) and you're moving H+ into the tube (secretion)

▪️Hydrogen ions move into the filtrate and there they combine with various substances that buffer them and they are excreted in the urine

Front 84

How might your kidneys use the secretion of H+ to affect your blood pH?

Back 84

▪️pH is dependent upon the concentration of H+

▪️if your blood is too acidic you can secrete a lot of H+

▪️if it's not as acidic you can not excrete as much

Front 85

How might your kidneys use the secretion of H+ to affect your blood pH?

Back 85

▪️pH is dependent upon the concentration of H+

▪️if your blood is too acidic you can secrete a lot of H+

▪️if it's not as acidic you can not excrete as much

Front 86

Discuss H+ and bicarbonate in the kidneys

Back 86

▪️we are secreting H+ (putting them into the filtrate)

▪️bicarbonate also enters the filtrate

▪️We want to reabsorb bicarbonate bc it buffers our blood

1) bicarbonate combines with H+ to form carbonic acid.

2) Carbonic anhydrase (in the epithelium that lines the tubes) takes the carbonic acid and converts it into water and carbon dioxide

3) The water and carbon dioxide diffuse into the cell that lines the tube

4) Carbonic Anhydrase puts them back together to make Carbonic acid

5) Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and H+

6) Bicarbonate diffuses back into the blood and H+ is secreted back into the filtrate.

Front 87

Describe the osmotic gradient in the loop of Henle.

Back 87

1) From the proximal Convoluted Tubule we are going to go into the loop of Henle

2) the loop of Henle goes down into the medulla

3) in the medulla the interstitial fluid is way saltier than what you see in the cortex

4) the deeper into the medulla you go the higher the solute concentration so there is a really steep osmotic gradient

5) that allows the filtrate that you still have left to wring even more water out of it.

Front 88

What happens in the ascenfing limb of the loop of Henle?

Back 88

▪️the ascending limb is NOT permeable to water

▪️water cannot easily move in or out of the ascending limb

▪️it is actively pumping sodium out into the interstitial fluid and chloride follows it. (Salt)

▪️we are pumping salt into the interstitial fluid of the medulla

Front 89

What happens in the ascenfing limb of the loop of Henle?

Back 89

▪️the ascending limb is NOT permeable to water

▪️water cannot easily move in or out of the ascending limb

▪️it is actively pumping sodium out into the interstitial fluid and chloride follows it. (Salt)

▪️we are pumping salt into the interstitial fluid of the medulla

Front 90

What happens in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Back 90

▪️it is permeable to water

▪️it is not permeable to salt

▪️because the medulla is salty water gets drawn out of the filtrate

▪️what you have left is a very high concentration of solutes.

Front 91

The reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts and distal Tubule is altered by...

Back 91

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 92

What does ADH stimulate?

Back 92

The insertion of aquaporin channels in the plasma membrane of the collecting ducts, allowing more water to be reabsorbed rather than excreted.

Front 93

Is the ascending limb of the loop of Henley permeable to water?

Back 93

No

Front 94

Which part of the brain contains osmoreceptors that signal the posterior pituitary to release more ADH?

Back 94

Hypothalamus

Front 95

Name the substance released by motor neurons to trigger skeletal muscle contraction.

Back 95

Acetylcholine