Anatomy Exam 4: Spinal Cord

Front 1

where does the spinal cord lie

Back 1

in the vertebral canal

Front 2

where does the spinal cord extend from and to

Back 2

foramen magnum to L1 and L@

Front 3

how long is the spinal cord in adults

Back 3

18 inches

Front 4

How many pairs of cervical nerves

Back 4

8

Front 5

How many pairs of thoracic nerves

Back 5

12

Front 6

How many pairs of lumbar nerves

Back 6

5

Front 7

How many pairs of sacral nerves

Back 7

5

Front 8

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves

Back 8

1

Front 9

what does the PNS consist of

Back 9

spinal nerves

Front 10

what are the changes in shape of the cross section of the spinal cord are due to what?

Back 10

increased numbers of motor neurons in the gray matter of the cervical and lumbar regions

Front 11

what are the increased numbers of motor neurons needed for

Back 11

innervate the upper and lower limbs

Front 12

where do you do a lumbar puncture on an adult

Back 12

L3/L4

Front 13

where do you do a lumbar puncture on a child

Back 13

L4/L5

Front 14

Where does the spinal cord develop from

Back 14

the caudal portion of the neural tube

Front 15

how do myeloceles form

Back 15

as a result of failure of the neural groove to close

Front 16

what does common forms of spina bifida result from

Back 16

failure of the vertebrae to enclose the spinal cord

Front 17

what is the most common form of spina bifida

Back 17

meningomyelocele (spina bifida cystica)

Front 18

what gives rise to all spinal cord neurons

Back 18

neuroepithelium

Front 19

what gives rise to spinal cord glia

Back 19

neuroepithelium

Front 20

what three layers do the neuroepithelial cells divide to

Back 20

1. Neuroepithelial layer

2. Mantle layer

3. Marginal layer

Front 21

what does the neuroepithelium layer consists of

Back 21

layer of dividing cells

Front 22

what does the mantle layer consist of

Back 22

layer of neuronal and glial cells bodies

Front 23

what does the marginal layer consist of

Back 23

layer of neuronal processes

Front 24

what type of nerve are the ascending tracts of the spinal cord white matter

Back 24

sensory

Front 25

what type of nerve are the descending tracts of the spinal cord white matter

Back 25

motor

Front 26

where do general sensory pathways terminate

Back 26

somatosensory cortex

Front 27

skin over the entire body is innervated by _____

Back 27

spinal nerves

Front 28

what is the distribution like with dermatomes

Back 28

segmental

Front 29

all spinal nerves (except C1) supply______

Back 29

dermatomes

Front 30

small diameter fibers that transit sensory information slowly and without precise localization

Back 30

Spinothalamic system

Front 31

what are the two tracts of the spinothalamic system

Back 31

lateral spinothalamic tract and anterior spinothalamic tract

Front 32

what does the lateral spinothalamic tract deal with

Back 32

pain and temperature

Front 33

what does the anterior spinothalamic tract deal with

Back 33

crude touch

Front 34

where does the spinothalamic tract cross over in the cord

Back 34

at level of first synapse

Front 35

ascending sensory tracts of spinal cord white matter

Back 35

lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts

Front 36

pathway of LST and AST

Back 36

dorsal horn neurons-thalamus-s.s cortex

Front 37

what does the Dorsal column system consist of

Back 37

large diameter fibers

Front 38

what do the large diameter fibers transmit

Back 38

sensory information with great speed and precise localization

Front 39

two tracts of the dorsal column system

Back 39

fasciculus gracilis and faciculus cuneatus

Front 40

where is the fasciculus gracilis

Back 40

from the lower 1/2 of the body

Front 41

where is the fasciculus cuneatus

Back 41

from the upper 1/2 of the body

Front 42

functions of the faciculus gracilis and cuneatus

Back 42

fine touch, conscious proprioception

Front 43

pathway of the faciculus gracilis and cuneatus

Back 43

medulla oblongata-thalamus-s.s cortex

Front 44

what doe the spinocerebellar system

Back 44

fibers that transmit unconscious proprioceptive information

Front 45

where do the fibers of spinocerebellar system trasmit to

Back 45

to the cerebellum (pain,crude touch and pressure

Front 46

where is the cross over in the posterior column tracts

Back 46

in the medulla

Front 47

Descending pathways

Back 47

1. Pyramidal system

Front 48

what does the pyramidal system consist of

Back 48

all fibers originating in the precentral gyrus and projecting on to subcortical structures

Front 49

what does the pyramidal system consist of

Back 49

lateral corticospinal and anterior cortcospinal tracts

Front 50

what percent of lateral corticospinal tract is corticospinal fibers

Back 50

80%

Front 51

what percent of anterior corticospinal tract is corticospinal fibers

Back 51

20%

Front 52

where does crossing over occur in the lateral corticospinal tract

Back 52

pyramidal decussation in the medulla

Front 53

where does crossing over occur in the anterior corticospinal tract

Back 53

spinal cord at the level of the synapse

Front 54

modalities of pyramidal tracts

Back 54

fine, precise motor movement

Front 55

what are the extrapyramidal tracts

Back 55

all the other descending tracts except the pyramidal tracts

Front 56

what do the extrapyramidal tracts consist of

Back 56

1. rubrospinal

2. vestibulospinal

3. reticulospinal

4. tectospinal

Front 57

function of the extrapyramidal tract

Back 57

subconscious movements, posture

Front 58

upper motor neuron lesions: upper motor neuron syndrome

Back 58

stroke

Front 59

where are reflexes intact with a upper motor neuron lesion: stroke

Back 59

between brain and spinal cord

Front 60

lower motor neuron lesions: lower motor neuron syndrome

Back 60

poliomyelitis

Front 61

during lower motor neuron syndrome where are reflexes absent

Back 61

between muscle and spinal cord

Front 62

what does the ventral primary ramus innervate

Back 62

anterolateral trunk muscles + muscles of the extremities and overlying skin

Front 63

what does the dorsal primary ramus innervate

Back 63

deep muscles of the back and overlying skin

Front 64

where do the spinal nerves emerge from

Back 64

intervertebral foramina

Front 65

what do spinal nerves divide into

Back 65

ventral and dorsal rami

Front 66

what forms a plexus

Back 66

the ventral rami of all spinal nerves (except T2-T12) join with ventral rami of adjacent nerves

Front 67

Back 67

Brachial Plexus (C5-C8, T1)

Front 68

Back 68

Lumbar Plexus (T12), L1-L4

Front 69

Back 69

Sacral Plexus (L4, L5, S1-S4)

Front 70

what occurs during a lumbar puncture

Back 70

CSF is withdrawn from the subarachnoid space

Front 71

where does epidural anesthesia inserted

Back 71

epidural space

Front 72

absence of vertebral laminae

Back 72

spina bifida

Front 73

where do dorsal column tracts cross over

Back 73

in the medulla