Anatomy Exam 4 Part 1

Front 1

5 Functions of respiratory system.

Back 1

1. Regulation of blood pH

2. Voice

3. Olfaction

4. Protection

5. Gas Exchange

Front 2

Pulmonary ventilation -

Back 2

breathing air in and out of lungs

Front 3

External respiration -

Back 3

exchange of gases between lungs and capillaries

Front 4

Transport -

Back 4

– distribution and collection of respiratory gases.

Front 5

Internal respiration -

Back 5

exchange of gases between capillaries and tissues in the cells.

Front 6

Organs in the Conducting zone - (6)

Back 6

1. Nose/Nasal Cavity

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchus

6. Broncioles

Front 7

Conducting zone tissue -

Back 7

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with globlet cells.

Front 8

Conducting zone acts as a -

Back 8

conduit - (a tube that keeps wires safe.)

Front 9

Nose/ Nasal cavity -

- functions (3)

Back 9

1. Cilia and mucus filter air and trap particles

2. Capillary plexuses warm and humidify air.

3. Serves as a passageway for air.

Front 10

The mucous in your nose contains -

Back 10

lysozymes

Front 11

Pharynx -

- what kind of muscle? involuntary or voluntary?

- three types of pharynx and what goes through them.

Back 11

Skeletal , involuntary

Naso - air only

Oro - air and food

Laryngo - food only?

Front 12

Larynx - two functions:

Back 12

Voicebox

passageway for air.

Front 13

Things inside the larynx (4)

Back 13

1. Glottis

2. Epiglottis

3. Vocal Folds

4. Vestibular folds

Front 14

Glottis -

Back 14

opening for air into trachea

Front 15

Epiglottis -

Back 15

prevents food from entering respiratory tract when covering the glottis.

Front 16

Vocal folds -

Back 16

speech/sound

Front 17

Vestibular folds -

Back 17

false vocal cords - no sound production

Front 18

Type of cartilage in:

Glottis -

Epiglottis -

Vocal folds -

Vestibular folds -

Back 18

- hyaline

- elastin

- hyaline

- hyaline.

Front 19

Speech - caused by...

Back 19

movements of the arytenoid and laryngeal catilages

Front 20

Trachea - functions (3)

Back 20

1. Propels mucous upwards.

2. passageway for air.

3. Filters, warms and moistens air.

Front 21

Trachea is reinforced with -

These things then....

Back 21

rings of cartilage (C-shaped)

compress when engulfing large amounts of food.

Front 22

Trachea tissue -

Back 22

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitelium

Front 23

Bronchus -

what is it?

functions?

Back 23

- Two smaller tubes that branch from the trachea in to the lungs.

- passageway for air.

- same functions as trachea

Front 24

Primary bronchus breaks into

Back 24

secondary, tertiary, etc.

Front 25

The amount of cartilage _____ as smooth muscle __________.

Mucosa then...

Back 25

decreases, increases

things from pseudostratfied to cuboidal.

Front 26

Bronchioles - function

- size

- doesnt have?

- but does have?

Back 26

passageway for air

No cartilage or mucous

smooth muscle for dilation/constriction

Front 27

Terminal bronchioles -

Back 27

lead to the respiratory zone.

Front 28

Organs in the respiratory zone (2)

Back 28

1. Respiratory bronchioles

2. Alveolus.

Front 29

Respiratory bronchioles -

the path to where they lead.

Back 29

Respiratory bronchiles to alveolar ducts to alveolar sacs to alveoli.

Front 30

Alveolus(i) -

Back 30

place where gas exchange occurs in lungs

Front 31

Alveolar sacs -

Back 31

open sacs on the inside.

Front 32

Emphysema -

Back 32

o Destruction of alveoli results in much larger air sacs, with much less surface area for gas exchange

Front 33

Parts of the respiratory membrane.

Back 33

Alveolar fluid

Alveolr epithelium

Basement membrane of aveolar epithelium

interstitial space

basement membrane of capillary epithelium

Capillary epithelium.

Front 34

Oxygen diffuses....

CO2 diffuses...

Back 34

From the alveolus to the blood

from the blood to the alveolus

Front 35

Lungs -

Lobes in right lung?

Lobes in left?

Back 35

Organ where gas exchange takes place.

3

2

Front 36

Why does the left side only have 2?

Back 36

Holds the heart

Front 37

Lobes with bronchopulmonary segments -

Back 37

only remove certain segments – they have clinical importance.

Front 38

Vascular supply made up of

Back 38

pulmonary vessels

Bronchial vessels

Front 39

Pulmonary vessels -

Back 39

circuit to exchange Oxygen and CO2

Front 40

Broncial vessels -

Back 40

systemic circulation to bronchi and lung tissue

Front 41

Bronchial arteries supploed by...

Back 41

thoracic aorta.

Front 42

Pleural cavity - the serous in it has the consitancy of...

Back 42

water

Front 43

Pleurisy -

which can cause?

Back 43

Infection of these pleurae

which can cause fluid build-up

Front 44

Alveolus -

Inside they have?

Function -

Back 44

- lipoproteins

- Lowers the surface tension and prevents lungs from completely collapsing when you exhale.

Front 45

Infant respiratory distress syndrome -

Back 45

lac of complete development

Front 46

Alveolus has what in it? (3)

Back 46

Type I pneumocyte

Type II pneumocyte

Macrophages

Front 47

Type I pneumocyte:

Made up of what tissue?

Produces?

on what?

Back 47

simple squamous epithelial tissue

produces ACE (angiotension converting enzyme for renin)

on a thin basal lamina surrounded by capillaries

Front 48

Type II pneumocyte:

tissues?

produces?

Back 48

cuboidal epithelial cell

surfactant

Front 49

Macrophages:

common name -

defense?

activates?

It is a ?

Back 49

Dust cells

nonspecific second defense

specific immunity

Antigen presenting cell

Front 50

Alveolar pores:

function?

(2)

Back 50

connect neighboring alveoli so air pressure can be equalized

air has alternate routes if damage occurs to alveolar dicts

Front 51

In aveolar sacs, oxygen diffuses into....

CO2?

Back 51

the capillaries

alveoli

Front 52

Barometric air pressure:

Initials -

what is it?

Value?

Back 52

Pb

pressure of gases exerted on body from outside air

Pb = 0

Front 53

Alveolar pressure

initials?

where is it?

When at rest...

Back 53

Palv

within alveoli

Palv = Pb

Front 54

Pleural pressure:

initials?

within?

is always less than...

value?

Back 54

Ppl

pleural cavity

Alveolar & barometric pressures

-5 cm H2O

Front 55

Boyle's Law -

Back 55

The pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature.

Front 56

Inspiration:

active or passive?

Back 56

active

Front 57

Steps of inspiration:

Back 57

1. Chest cavity increases

2. lungs expand to 500 ml

3. pressure in intrapleural space drops by 1 cm H2O

4. Pressure in the lungs become negative compared to outside.

5. Pressure differences causes air to rush into the lungs.

Front 58

Therefore, humans are a ....

Back 58

negative pressure process.

Front 59

Process of exhalation -

Back 59

Diaphragm/chest cavity relax and goes back to normal.

Lungs return to smaller size

Pressure increase by 1 cm H2O in lungs

Becomes positive compares to outside.

Air rushes out of the lungs

Front 60

Expiration - passive or active?

Back 60

passive.

Front 61

2 Nerves for normal inspiration -

Back 61

Phrenic nerve

Intercostal nerve.

Front 62

Phrenic nerve -

Intercostal nerve -

therefore muscles for normal inspiration -

Back 62

Diaphragm

external intercostals

Front 63

Muscles of forced inspiration -

Back 63

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, external intercostals, diaphragm

Front 64

Muscles for forced expiration -

Back 64

internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, oblique and trasnversus abdominals, latissimus dorsi

Front 65

Inspiration depends on (3)

Back 65

1. Lung compliacne

2. Airway resistance

3. surface tension.

Front 66

Lung compliance :

What is it?

What is important?

Is is opposed by?

Back 66

- ease with which lungs and thorax expand.

- stretchiness / elasticity of lung tissue is important

- by the elastic recoil force of the lung, or the tendency to resist expansion

Front 67

Fibrosis -

Back 67

restrictive type of lung disease.

Scar tissues is replacing normal lung tissue. It decreases lung compliance.

Makes it harder to breath

Front 68

Three examples of fibrosis disease -

Back 68

Pneumoconioses (black Lung),

asbestoses,

cystic fibroses

Front 69

Fibrosis disease results in...

(3)

Back 69

1. blockage of smaller respiratory passageways

2. Reduced surfactant

3. Decreased chest cavity flexibility.

Front 70

Airway resistance:

Greatest resistance occurs..?

Decreases in... because of?

Back 70

Medium-sized bronchi

terminal bronchioles because of the huge increase of cross sectional areas.

Front 71

Bronchoconstrictors -

Back 71

bronchiole resistance can be increased.

Front 72

Ex. of bronchoconstrictors - (4)

Back 72

irritants,

histamine,

leukotrienes,

asthmas.

Front 73

Bronchodilatros -

Back 73

epinephrine can decrease resistance.

Front 74

Surface tension -

Back 74

the tendency of liquid molecules to get closer together

Front 75

Surfactant -

Back 75

helps overcome this surface tension, so liquid lining insides of alveoli doesn’t get so close that lungs collapse.

Front 76

Surfactant is produced...

Back 76

in developing fetus in adequate quantities by ~ 7 months

Front 77

Airway resistance -

Back 77

obstructive disease

Front 78

Three types of airway resistance diseases.

Back 78

1. COPD

2. Emphysema

3. Asthma.

Front 79

Type of surface tension disease -

Back 79

IRDS - infant respiratory disease.

Front 80

Respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata:

Back 80

2 Dorsal respiratory groups (DRG)

2 Ventral respiratory groups (VRG)

Front 81

DRG:

most neurons involved with?

neuron impluses excite what nerve?

Back 81

inspiration

phrenic nerve to exite the diaphragm.

Front 82

Cessation of DRG nerve impulse allows....

Back 82

expiration

Front 83

VRG:

Neurons active in....

More important in...

stimulate what muscles?

thought to be responsible for?

Back 83

both inspiration and expiration

forced breathing

external and internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

basic rhythm of breathing.

Front 84

Eupnea -

Back 84

normal respirtory rate/ rhythm.

Front 85

Normal rate of inspiration -

expiration -

whole breath?

breaths per minue?

Back 85

2 secs

3 secs

5 secs

12 breaths/min

Front 86

Respiratory center in pons -

Back 86

Pontine Respiratory group (PRG)

Front 87

PRG:

function?

Damage to PRG =

Back 87

smooth’s out the breathing pattern so that you’re not overinflating

- you lose the ability to control overinflation - apneustic breathing.

Front 88

Hypothalamus can affect ventilation through...

Back 88

through limbic system – emotion, pain; body temperature

Front 89

Cerebral cortex can affect ventilation throughh -

Back 89

voluntary controls – singing, holding breath

Front 90

Concentration of Chemicals of blood from most important to lease.

Back 90

CO2, O2, pH

Front 91

CO2 is detected through -

Back 91

peripheral and central medullary chemoreceptors.

Front 92

Irritants -

most common?

Back 92

things in lungs in airway

cig smoke.

Front 93

Peripheral cehmoreceptors:

located in

which cranial nerves?

Carry input to...

monitors..

Back 93

Aorta and carotid bodies

9,10

to the respiratory center in medulla oblongata.

O2, CO2, H+

Front 94

Central chemoreceptors:

located in...

Back 94

medulla oblongata

Front 95

H+ - how they get into system

Back 95

detecetd by central chemorecptors.

Front 96

CO2 diffuses..

Back 96

from blood into CSF

Front 97

Formula for central chemorecrptors.:

Back 97

CO2 + H2O <==> H2CO3 <==> H+ + HCO3

Front 98

increase of CO2 causes...

what to ph?

what to H+?

what to O2?

What to respiratory rate?

Back 98

decrease

increase

increase

increase

Front 99

Hypercapnia -

Hypocapnia -

Back 99

high carbon dioxide

low carbon dioxide

Front 100

Hyperventilation -

Hypoventilation -

Back 100

too much breathing; rate and depth increase

not enough breathing; rate and depth decrease.

Front 101

Apnea -

Back 101

not breathing.

Front 102

Pneumothorax -

Results in

This is caused by:

Back 102

you get air in your chest cavity.

Result in collapsed lung.

A collapsed lung is caused by trauma.

Front 103

The diffusion of gases is caused by

Back 103

the difference in the partial pressure of these gases.

Front 104

Partial pressure of gases can be looked at as the same as?

Back 104

concentration

Front 105

Why are the percentages in the alveoli different than those in the outside air and expired air?

Back 105

The residual volume left in the lungs and the mixing that goes on there.

Front 106

Venous side -

Back 106

CO2 is higher; O2 is lower

Front 107

Arterial side -

Back 107

equilibriate

Front 108

4 Factors that affect gas movement through the respiratory membrane

Back 108

Partial pressure

solubility of gas in H2O

Surface area

Respiratory membrane thickness

Front 109

Order from most to lease soluble gases between N2, CO2, O2.

Back 109

CO2, O2, N2

Front 110

How surface area and gas exchange are related?

Back 110

increase in surface area = an increase in the gas exchange.

Front 111

Emphysema -

Back 111

decrease surface area

Front 112

Is a thin or thick membrane better for diffusion?

Back 112

thin

Front 113

How each of these effect gas exchange:

Scar tissue-

Infection -

mucous buildup -

Back 113

all decrease it

Front 114

Ventilation Perfusion Coupling -

Back 114

Both bronchioles and arterioles alter their diameter for efficient gas exchange.

Front 115

Normal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation (saturation) curve.

Back 115

25% of hemoglobin's O2 is unloaded into tissues

Venous blood has 75% O2 saturation.

Front 116

How to increase hemoglobin's binding affinity for O2.

Back 116

Decrease temperature

Decrease H+

Decrease PCO2

Decrease BPG

Front 117

BPG =

Back 117

chemical produced in RBC's in glycolysis

Front 118

How do decrease hemoglobin's binding affinity for O2.

Back 118

Partial pressure in cells is less that that in blood.

Increase temperature

Increase H+

Decreased pH

increased CO2 concentration.

Increased BGP

Front 119

Decreasing Hb's binding affinity for O2 results in...

Back 119

O2 being released by hemoglobin and diffused into body cells.

Front 120

Hypoxia -

Back 120

Inaduquate O2 delivery to body cells.

Front 121

What is the NO link -

Back 121

nitric oxide link;

hemoglobin picks up O2,

nitirc oxide is secreted in lung

as hemoglobim unloads O2, the release of NO will dilate blood vessels to make gas exchange.

Hemoglobin picks up NO as it picks up CO2, and carries both back to lungs for expiration.

Front 122

Distribution of Oxygen:

Back 122

1.5% in plasma

98.5% bonded to iron in heme.

Front 123

Oxyhemoglobin - what is it and it's abbreivation

deoxyhemoglobin - what is it and it's abbreviation

Back 123

When oxygen is bound - HbO2

when no oxygen is bound - HHb

Front 124

Equation for RBC's for deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin.

Back 124

HHb + O2 <------>HbO2 + H+

Front 125

Distribution of Carbon Dioxide -

Back 125

7% dissolved in plasma

23% combines with amino acids of globin and forms carbaminoHb

70% forms bicarbinate in plasma or RBC's/

Front 126

The equation for regulating pH

Back 126

CO2 + H20 <==> H2CO3 <==> HCO3- + H+

Front 127

H2CO3 =

Back 127

carbonic acid

Front 128

HCO3 =

Back 128

bicarbinate

Front 129

The enzyme needed for previous reaction -

Back 129

carbonic anhydrase.

Front 130

H+ has two fates:

Back 130

1. bind to hemoglobinm which enhances unloading of O2

2. taken up by proteins.

Front 131

How HCO3 can maintain pH -

Back 131

 HCO3- can react with H+ to remove H+ from the blood when it becomes too acidic.

Front 132

How H2CO3 can maintain pH =

Back 132

 H2CO3 can release H+ into the blood when the pH gets too basic. (alkaline)

Front 133

Therefore, what in general regulates pH =

Back 133

breathing

Front 134

All the different terms for gas exchange -

Back 134

Cellular respiration

aerobic

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 135

Equation for Cellular respiration -

Back 135

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Front 136

How are H+ and CO2 related?

Back 136

directly

Front 137

acidosis =

Back 137

too much H+ and too much CO2, you need oxygen