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250 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what are the four layers of the alimentary canal
serosa (adventicia)
muscularis externa
submcosa
mucosa
what is another name for the layers of the alimentary canal
tunics
the outermost layer of the GI tract, binding and protective layer
serosa or adventiecia
this layer is covered by simple squamous epithelium which is actually the...
visceral peritoneum of the serosa or adventicia
this is the next layer down from the serosa or adventicia and is deep loose CT
muscularis externa
this layer is responsible for segmental contractions peristalsis throughout the GI tract
muscularis externa
contractions in this layer actually physically churn the food as it is mixed with digestive chemicals and enzymes
muscularis externa
this plexus wihtin the muscularis externa is located between the two muscle layers and consists of parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers
mysenteric or auerbach's plexus of the muscularis externa
what kind of parasymp and symp are in the mysenteric or auerbach's plexus
parasympathetic ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers
what does the parasymp part of the auerbach's plexus of the muscularis externa stimulate
increased muscle tone and contraction
what does the symp part of the muscularis externa promote
promotes relaxation
the most external layer of the alimentary canal which runs parallel to the lumen
muscularis externa
the inner layer of the muscularis externa which encircles the lumen
circular layer
what are the two layers of the muscularis externa
muscularis externa
circular layer
this layer is loose CT with large blood vessel and lympathics
submucosa
in some regions of this layer, exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymers are there
submucosa layer of the alimentary canal
what is another name for the submucosal plexus
plexus of meissner
this innervates the mucosa with sensory parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers
plexus of meissner
submucosal plexus
what are the two parts of the mucosa layer
muscularis mucosa
lamina propria
the narrow outter portion of the mucosa again has an inner crcular and outer longitudinal layers, with elastic fibers contraction alters the sape of the lumena nd moves the epithelial folds
muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer
what alters the shape of the lumen and moves the epithelial folds
muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer which is NOT the sam eas the muscularis externa which is a superficial layer of the alimentary canal
what part of the mucosa layer facilitates mixing bolus with digestive enzymes
muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer
where would you sense a hot pepper
plexus of meissner or submucosal plexus of the submucosa layer
this layer has loose CT covered with epithelium moistened by glandular secretions
mucosa layer
what is the epithelium cell type i the mucosa layer
stratified squamous epitherlium or there woudl be scratching of the linning... in stomach small intestine and most of colon
what are simple columnar epitheliums good for
secretion and absorption
what are the folds and pleats of the mucosa called that may be permanent or temporary and greatly increase surface area
pilica
the cheks lips hard palate and soft palate make up the
mouth and oral cavity alimentary canal
opening of the oral cavity is the
oral orifice
opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx is the
fauces
the lips are attached at the midline fold by the
labial frenulum
reddish color of transition zone between skin and mucous membranes
vermillion
folds or palatal rugae located on the mucous membrane of the hard palate
transverse palatine folds or palatal rugae
anteriorly in mouth
palatoglossal or glassalpalatine arch
posteriorly
palatopharyngeal or pharyngopalatine arch
between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
palatine tonsils
how many baby eet
20
how long do you have baby teeth
6 mos to 2.5 years
how many incisors in babies, adults
2
how many permanent teeth
32
do you have bicuspids in kids?
no only 2 in adults
how many molars in baby teeth
2
how many molars in permanent teeth
3 the last being the wisdom
located in the anterior 2/3 of the oral cavity ad the posterior 1/3 in the pharynx
tongue
moves food during mastication assisting in c=mechanical digestion
assists in swalling
essential i speech
source of innumberable conflicts
tongue
muscles that originate elsewhere and insert on the tongue move the tongue in and out and side to side
extrinsic msucles
what are the four muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
hypoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
what produces the enzyme salivary amylase
salivary glands
what are the three main types of glands of the salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
larest of the salivary glands below and infront of the auricle
parotid
drains through the parotid duct and parallesls the zygomatic arch across the asseter, pierces the bussinator muscle watery serous fluid
parotid glands
lies inferior to the body of the andible midway along inthe inner side of the jaw and water serous fluid with some mucus
submandibular glands
lies under the mucous membrnae of the floor of the mouth andmotly thick stringy mucus
sublingual glands
mucosa is what kind of epithelium
stratisfied squamous
what are in large folds that run the lenght of the esophargus permitting expansion during swalling
mucosa and submucosa with their strat squamous epithelium so that they don't get scratched up
with the exception of swalling, is the lumen open or closed by muscle tone
closed
**
muscle layer of the muscularis mucosa may be thin or absent in the pharynx but it thickens as it approaches the stomach
this contains scatter esophageal glands:branched tubular glands that produce a mucous secretion
the submucosa
what are the laeyrs of the muscularis externa
inner circular and outer longitudinal
**
concering the muscularis externa-- the superior 1/3 is skeltal muscle the middle 1/3 is a mix of skeletal and smooth and inferior 1/3 contains only smooth muscle
scattered among the chief and parietal cells and prodcue at least seven secretions g cells are enteroendocrine cells that produce gastrin and stimulate the other cells
enterioendocrine cells ahve endocrine function
what porduces mucus in the stomach
mucous or goblet cells
contains an extra inner layer of oblique smooth muscle which strengthens the stomach wall and assists in mixing and churning of chyme
muscularis externa of the stomach
fingerlike projections of the mucosa over 1 mm high giving it a velvety texter. they are larger in the duodenum and gradually become narrower and shorter along the lenght of the small intestine
villi of the stomach
are foudn at the bases of the villi and decrease n number thorugh the lenght of the SI
intestinal glands of the villi
in the core or eeach villus is wide terminal lymph capillary which accompanies a dnese capillary bed
lacteals
transport material that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipis and liprotein complexes
lacteals
transport material that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipds and lipprotein complexes
lacteals of the villi
the capillaries absorb monosaccharides and amino acids
unlike lacteas which transport lipis and lipoprotiein complexes
between the villi are pits that extend intot he lamina
tubular glands
other names of the tubular glands
intestinal glands
crypts of liebericuhn
these glands secrete intestinal jice 1/2 L/day which contains an array of enzymes and mucus
tubular glands
mucus secreting glands found only in the submucosa of the duodenum. they produce becarb rich mucus that eutralizes the acidic chyme and are compound tuoalveolar glands
brunner's glands
these are found only in the duodenum and help the neutralize acid
brunner's blands
simple columnar absoroptive cells boudn by tight junctions and richly endowed with microcilli which form a brush border and carry many of the enzymes or brush border enzymes
columnar cells
near the base of each gland stem cells produce new generations of epithelial cells which are displaces towards the tip of the villus in a few days
undifferentiated cells
mucus secreting cells that become more abundant through the length of the small intestine
mucous goblet cells
located dep in the crypts they release an antibacterial enzyme
paneth cells
break things part like lysozymes
paneth cells
scattered cells that are the source of enterogastones intestinal hormones secretin and choecystokin--> gallbladder
enteroendocrine cells
relatively fixed C shaped tube extending from thepyloric sphinter to the duodenojejunal flexure and is 25 cm in lenght
duodenum
is the duodenum retroperitoneal
YES
secretions int eh duodenum go from the bile duct and pancreaic duct to unit to form the
ampulla of vater or hepatopancreatic duct and enter the duodenum and duodenal pailla which can be opened or closed by a sphincter
extened from the duodenojejnal flexure where it enters the abdominal cavity for about 1 m
jejunum
the terminal 2 m of the SI it empties into the colon through the ileocecal valve
ileium
abundant lymphoid nodules called peyers pathces which can be as large as cherries
ileum
abundant lymphoid nodules in the ileum are called
peyers patches
which parts of the small intestine are protected by mesentary which allows movement and prevents kinking
jej and ileum NOT duodenum
what is the vascular supply of the small intestine
superior mesenteric artery
gastroducodenal artery a brach of the common hepatic artery supplies the pro=ximal duodenum
what is the innervation of the small intestine
vagus nerve relayed mainly through the superior mesenteric plexus
sympathetic innervation of the small intestine
superior mesenteric plexus or cedliac plexus
lenght of the large intestine
1.5 m
wher eis the large intestine
lies inferior to the stamacha dn liver and frames the small intestine
compare the large to the small intestine
diameter is three times but wall is MUCh thinner
allow distensiona nd elongation in the walls of the colon
pouches or haurstra
contains numberous tear drop shaped sacs of fat the epiploic appendages
serosa contains the epiploic appendages
functions are reabsorption of water and electrolytes of vitamins liberated by bacterial action and storing fecal material before defecation
large intestine
does th mucosa have villi?
NO not in the large intestine
are goblets more or less present in the large intestien and why
less because feces are semisolid and lubricants are needed to lubricate the simple lining
how does the lare intestine produce copisous mucus for lubrcation
has dinstinctive intestinal glands deeper than small intestine and dominated by goblet cells
what are the two main layers of the large intestine
mucosa and muscularis externa
the longitudinal layer is reduced to three spearate longitudinal ribbons or the...
taneia coli ofthe muscularis externa
what are the three kinds of movements in the large intestine
perstaltic
haurstral churning
mass movment
relaxed haustrum fills until it is distneded it then moves the feces on to the next haurstrum
haustral churcing
moves the fecal material towards the rectum. the response to eating is the gastocolic reflex
mass movement
response to eatin
gastocolic reflex
regions of the large intestine 4
cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal
esxpanded poud the ileum attaches to the medial srufaceo f the cecum via the ileocecal valve which prevents he backflow of chyme
cecum
collects and stores arriving materias and beings compaction
cecum
attached posteromedially hollow lymphoid organ of 9 cm long
vermiform appendex
extends superiorly from the cecum along the right abdominal wall it is retroperitoneal with the lateral and anterior walls covered by visceral peritoneum
ascending colon
the colon bends sharply to the left
hepatic flexure
the colon contiues from the right to the left side
transverse colon
the colon bends sharply inferiorly
splenic flexure
extneds inferiorly along he left abdominal wall and is retroperitoneal
descending colon
at the ilia fossa the descneding colon proceeds as an s shaped segment about 15 cm long it lies posterior to the urinary bladder
iboid colon
what are the six parts of the colon
ascending
hepatic flexure
transverse colon
splenic flexure
descending colon
sigmoid
forms the last the 15 to 20 cm of the digestive tract. expandable organ for temporary sroage of fecal material
rectum
last 2-3 cm of the rectum
anal canal
lies anterior to the sacrum and is attached by peritoneum
anal canal
contains longitudinal folds and anal columns
anal canal
transverse folds mark the distal magins of the columns where the columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium
anal canal
close to the anus the epithelium becomes...
keratinized
CIRCULAR LAYER OF THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA... inVOLUNTARY
internal sphincter
ring of skeletal muscle
voluntrary external anal sphincter
supplies the cecum apendix and ascneding and dproximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
superior mesenteric artery
supplies the distal 1.3 of the transverse colon and descending and sigmoid colon and the rectum
inferior mesenteric artery
what is the innervation of the first half of the colon
parasyp from the vagus nerve relayed through the superior mesenteric plexus

symp from the superior mesenteric plexus
what is the innervation of the second half of the colon
parasymp from the pelvic splancchnic nerve

symp from the inferior mesenteric plexus
four muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
hypoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
origin is the medial surface of the mandible and insterts into the body of the tongue and hyoid
genioglossus
action depresses and protracts XII
genioglossus
origin is the hyoid and side of the tongue
hypoglossus
depresses and retracts XII
hypoglossus
origin is anterior surface of the soft palate and insterts into the side of the tongue
palatoglossus
elevates tongue depresss soft palate XI Accessory nerve
palatoglossus
origin is the styloid process and inserts along the side of the tongue
styloglossus
retracts tongue and elevates sides XII
styloglossus
enzymes of the mouth and salivary enzymes
salivry amylase
source of salivary amylase
salivary glands
digestive action of salivary amylase converts starch and glyogen into dsaccharides
salivary amylase
gastric juice enzymes
pepsin in the stomach
pepsin in the stomach
chief cells and bgin digestion of protein
intestinal juice enzymes
small intestine
LPMSLLANE
lipase
peptidase
maltase
sucrase
lactase
amylase
nucelase
enterokinase
what is the source of the intestinal juice enzymes
intestinal glands
converts proteins to amino acids
peptidase
convers disaccharides into monosaccharides
sucrase
maltase
lactase
converts triglycereides into fatty acids and glycerol
lipase
converts starch and glycogen into disaccharides
amylase
converts nucleic acids into nucleotides
nuclease
activates trypsin breaks down proteins
enterokindase of the small intestine intestinal juices
pancreatic juice enzymes
also small intestine
CTCPLAN
chymotrypsin
trypsin
carboxypeptidase
peptidase
lipase
amylase
nuclease
what are the sources of the CTCPLAN pancreatic juice enzymes in the small intestine
pancrease
converts starch and glyocgen ainto disacchrarides
amylase
converts triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
lipase
converts proteins or partially digested proteins into amino acids
peptidase
trypsin
chynotripsin
carboxypptidase
converts nuycleic acids into nucleotides
nuclease
the pancreas is a blank gland
mixed gland
lumpy nodular retroperitoneal organ cound tubuloacinar gland endocrine function by cluster cells, pancreateic islets or silets of lnagerhans
pancreas
produce insulin which loewrs serum glucose
beta cells
produce glucagon which raises serum glucose
alpha cells
what are the secretions of the pancrease like
exocrine secretions digestive secreaions
expanded area adjacent tot he loop of the duodenum as it leaves the pylorus (pancrase)
head
centrall located in pancrease
body
short bluntly rounded positional near the spleen
tail of pancreas
pathway for secretions to get to GI tract
central lumen of acini
main pancreatic duct
common bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
accessory pancreatic duct
in pancreas, each acinus a blind pocket or pouch is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium that secretes water ions and enzymes
centrallumen of acini
delivers secretions to the duodenal ampulla in the pancreas
main pancreatic duct
comes from the union of the right and left hepatic ducts carrying bile form the liver. the bile within the common hepatic duct may either eter the duodenum through the duodenal ampulla or enter the cystic duct that leads to the gallbladder
common bile duct
may branch form the main pancreatic duct before it leaves the pancreas and enter the duodenum through a seprate ampulla the lesser duodenal ampulla
accessory pancreatic duct
what makes up the celiac turnk
spenic arter
common hepatic artery
what is the vascular supply of the pancreas
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
what artery of the celiac trunk donates numberous small arteries or "pancreatics"
splenic artery of the celiac trunk
what artery donates the gastroduodenal and superior panreaticoduodenal arteries in the celiac trunk of the pancreas
commonn hepatic artery
what is associaed with the inferior pancreaticudoudenal artery
superior mesenteric artery
what is the pancreas innervated by
branches of the celiac plexus
the glandular portion of the pancreas recieves parasymp innervation and is part of the blank plexus
celiac plexus
the pancreatic blood vessels recieve symp innervation and are branches of the blank plexus
celiac
organ that weight about 1.3 kg or 4 pounds and performs over 500 known functions
liver
wrapped in a togh fibrous capusle and covered by visceral peritoneum
liver
this anteriorl mesentery separates the liver into right and left lobes. inferiorly the falciform ligament thickens becoming the round ligament or legamentum teres a fibrous band which is the remnant of the umbilical vein
falciform ligament
inferiorly i the liver the falciform ligament thickens to become the
round ligament or ligamentum teres
what is the remnant of the umbilical vein
ligamentum teres or round ligament
what are the lobes
right
left
caudate above
quadrate lower
what is the basic functional unit of theliver
lobules
how many lobules in each of the larger lobes
100 000
form irregular pates that are one cell layer thick and are arranged like wagon wheels around the central vien
hepatocytes
blood enters the liver sinusoids from small branches of the
portal vein and hepatic artery
a teypicallobule is hexagonal with 6 blank areas
portal areas or hepatic triads at the corners
each portal area contains a branch of the
hepatic portal vien, a branch of the hepatic artery and a small branch of the bile duct
blood flwos from the portal vein branches and hepatic artery branches through the sinusoids to the
central vein
the liver recieves what percent of the blood supply
20
how is bile produced
by adjacent hepatocytes and flows through bile canaliculus to the bile duct
functions including producing bile
liver
a green alkaline fluid stored int heh gall bladder and secreted into the duodenum
bile
consists of water bilirubin choesteroland varios lipids known as bile salts
bile
a breakdown product of hemoglobin found in bile
bilirubin
what buffers the acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum and emulsifies lipids
bile
the liver receives what percent of cardiac output
25%
what removes old damaged RBCs cellular debris and pathogens
phagocytic cells
synthesize plasma proteins that contributre to the osmotic concentration of blood
liver cells
transport nutrients and establish the clotting the completment systes
liver cells
a large number of phagocytic cells tha tline the siusoids
kupffer cells
what are the metabolic functions of the liver
regulates systemic circulatin glevels of carbs amino acieds and lipis
removes toxins and metabolic waste
excess nutrients are absorbed an stored
fat soluble vitamis ADEK are absorbed na dstored
collect bile form the bile ducts of their respective lobes
L and R hepatic duct
is the union of the right an dleft ducts from here bile can flow into either the gall bladder via the cystic duct or into the commo bile duct
common hepatic duct
is the union of the cystic duct and the comon hepatic ducts and flows into the duodenum
common bile duct
the unionof the common bile duct and the pancreatic flow into a sphinceter regulated canal to the duodenum
hepatopnacreatic ampulla
what is the innervation oft he liver
parasym form vagus
symp from throcolumbar nerves through the celiac ganglia
functions sotres biles and concetnerates the GB mucosa has folds similar to the gastric folds when the duodenum is epty the hepatopancreatic sphinter constricts and forces bile into the cystic duct of the gall bladder
gall bladder
the spincter surrounding the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
sphinterofoddi
Intraperitoneal organs
LSITS
liver
stomach
ileum and jejunum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
retroperitoneal organs (lack mesenteries)
PRADA
pancreas
rectum
ascending colon
descending colon
deuodenum
mesentery associated with each
liver
stomach
ileum and jejunum
transverse colonn
sigmoid colon
falciform ligament and lesser omentrum
greater and lesser omentum
mesentery proper
tranverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon
the proximal protion about 2.45 cm long passes htrough the prostate and receives drainage form the small prostatic duct and the two ejecaultory ducts
proitstatic
passes through the urogetnial diaphragm and proximal potion of the penis location of the external urethral sphincter mucels
membranous
longest portion ducts of trhe bulbourethral gands attach to the pongy par of the uretra
internal urtwehral sphincter is formed by wqhat muscle
detrusor
external urethral sphinceter is voluntary or involuntary
voluntery found as the urethra passes through the urogetntal diaphragm
whatr is the prefix for bladder problems
pyelitis is kidneys cystitis is urinary bladder
arterial supply of the urinary bladder
superior and inferior vesicular arteries branches of th e internal iliac arteries
venous vascular supplh of the urinary bladder
vesicular venous plexus that drains into th internal iliac veins
triangular opening between the two ureteralk openings adn the urethral opening
trigones
transitional epithelium becomes theinner as distended
tunica mucosa
onlh on the superior surface of the bladder and a continuation of the parietal peritoneum
tunica adventicia
detrusor mucles
tunica muscularis
where do the ureters begin
renal pelvis
do the ureters enter the peritoneum
no they penetrate the bladder without entering the peritoneum
peristalsis is initatied by ruine in the
pelvis and frequently is determined by volume of urine
where is the transitional eptiehlium in the ureters
tunica mucosa
vascular supply of the ureters
superior protion brnaches of renal artery
middle protion branches of gonadel artery
inferior or pelvic portion is superior vesicualr arty
peristatlsis is principally a what reflex
local stretch reflex
collection system
papillary duct to minor major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter
endocrine structure that prodcues renin adn ertyrhopoietin
juxtaglomerualar apparats
mascula densa
DCT glomerulas juxtaglomerular apparatus
cells that occupy the space between the DCT and the nephron are called the
extraglomeruular mesangial cells
what does the PCT secrets
H plus ammonium ions creatinine drugs and toxins
potassium calcium magnesium bicarb phosphate and sulfate are absorbed hwere
PCT
surrounds the capillary endothelium has several times the thickness and density of a typcical basement membrane called the lamina dnsa it restricts the passage of plasma proteins that lamina densa may encircle tow or more capillaries
basement membrane
allows or the loss of wastes and electrolytes as well as glucose amino acid free fatty acids and vitamins
basement membrane
glomerular capillariews are fenesetrates the pores exculde blood cells and larger protiei9nns but allow the loss of water and other solutes into the glomerular filtrate
endothlium
what kind of epithelium is visceral wall
simple squam
blood is brought to the glomerular capillaries by an
afferent arteriole
rename the lumn
bowman's capsule
trace the water molecule
renal pyramid
papilla
minor
major
renal pelvis
ureter
trigone
urethra
darker striped appearance in the kidney
medullary layers
the middle layer of firm protectve mass of fatty tissue
adipose capsule
strong transparent fibrous attarchment to the surface of the k9idney
renal capsule
what converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
renin