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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the four layers of the alimentary canal
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serosa (adventicia)
muscularis externa submcosa mucosa |
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what is another name for the layers of the alimentary canal
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tunics
|
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the outermost layer of the GI tract, binding and protective layer
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serosa or adventiecia
|
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this layer is covered by simple squamous epithelium which is actually the...
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visceral peritoneum of the serosa or adventicia
|
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this is the next layer down from the serosa or adventicia and is deep loose CT
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muscularis externa
|
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this layer is responsible for segmental contractions peristalsis throughout the GI tract
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muscularis externa
|
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contractions in this layer actually physically churn the food as it is mixed with digestive chemicals and enzymes
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muscularis externa
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this plexus wihtin the muscularis externa is located between the two muscle layers and consists of parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers
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mysenteric or auerbach's plexus of the muscularis externa
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what kind of parasymp and symp are in the mysenteric or auerbach's plexus
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parasympathetic ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers
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what does the parasymp part of the auerbach's plexus of the muscularis externa stimulate
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increased muscle tone and contraction
|
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what does the symp part of the muscularis externa promote
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promotes relaxation
|
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the most external layer of the alimentary canal which runs parallel to the lumen
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muscularis externa
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the inner layer of the muscularis externa which encircles the lumen
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circular layer
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what are the two layers of the muscularis externa
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muscularis externa
circular layer |
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this layer is loose CT with large blood vessel and lympathics
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submucosa
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in some regions of this layer, exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymers are there
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submucosa layer of the alimentary canal
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what is another name for the submucosal plexus
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plexus of meissner
|
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this innervates the mucosa with sensory parasymp ganglia and symp postganglionic fibers
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plexus of meissner
submucosal plexus |
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what are the two parts of the mucosa layer
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muscularis mucosa
lamina propria |
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the narrow outter portion of the mucosa again has an inner crcular and outer longitudinal layers, with elastic fibers contraction alters the sape of the lumena nd moves the epithelial folds
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muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer
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what alters the shape of the lumen and moves the epithelial folds
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muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer which is NOT the sam eas the muscularis externa which is a superficial layer of the alimentary canal
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what part of the mucosa layer facilitates mixing bolus with digestive enzymes
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muscularis mucosa of the mucosa layer
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where would you sense a hot pepper
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plexus of meissner or submucosal plexus of the submucosa layer
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this layer has loose CT covered with epithelium moistened by glandular secretions
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mucosa layer
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what is the epithelium cell type i the mucosa layer
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stratified squamous epitherlium or there woudl be scratching of the linning... in stomach small intestine and most of colon
|
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what are simple columnar epitheliums good for
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secretion and absorption
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what are the folds and pleats of the mucosa called that may be permanent or temporary and greatly increase surface area
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pilica
|
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the cheks lips hard palate and soft palate make up the
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mouth and oral cavity alimentary canal
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opening of the oral cavity is the
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oral orifice
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opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx is the
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fauces
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the lips are attached at the midline fold by the
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labial frenulum
|
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reddish color of transition zone between skin and mucous membranes
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vermillion
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folds or palatal rugae located on the mucous membrane of the hard palate
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transverse palatine folds or palatal rugae
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anteriorly in mouth
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palatoglossal or glassalpalatine arch
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posteriorly
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palatopharyngeal or pharyngopalatine arch
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between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal
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palatine tonsils
|
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how many baby eet
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20
|
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how long do you have baby teeth
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6 mos to 2.5 years
|
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how many incisors in babies, adults
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2
|
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how many permanent teeth
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32
|
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do you have bicuspids in kids?
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no only 2 in adults
|
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how many molars in baby teeth
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2
|
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how many molars in permanent teeth
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3 the last being the wisdom
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located in the anterior 2/3 of the oral cavity ad the posterior 1/3 in the pharynx
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tongue
|
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moves food during mastication assisting in c=mechanical digestion
assists in swalling essential i speech source of innumberable conflicts |
tongue
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muscles that originate elsewhere and insert on the tongue move the tongue in and out and side to side
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extrinsic msucles
|
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what are the four muscles of the tongue
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genioglossus
hypoglossus palatoglossus styloglossus |
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what produces the enzyme salivary amylase
|
salivary glands
|
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what are the three main types of glands of the salivary glands
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parotid
submandibular sublingual |
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larest of the salivary glands below and infront of the auricle
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parotid
|
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drains through the parotid duct and parallesls the zygomatic arch across the asseter, pierces the bussinator muscle watery serous fluid
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parotid glands
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lies inferior to the body of the andible midway along inthe inner side of the jaw and water serous fluid with some mucus
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submandibular glands
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lies under the mucous membrnae of the floor of the mouth andmotly thick stringy mucus
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sublingual glands
|
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mucosa is what kind of epithelium
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stratisfied squamous
|
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what are in large folds that run the lenght of the esophargus permitting expansion during swalling
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mucosa and submucosa with their strat squamous epithelium so that they don't get scratched up
|
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with the exception of swalling, is the lumen open or closed by muscle tone
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closed
|
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**
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muscle layer of the muscularis mucosa may be thin or absent in the pharynx but it thickens as it approaches the stomach
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this contains scatter esophageal glands:branched tubular glands that produce a mucous secretion
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the submucosa
|
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what are the laeyrs of the muscularis externa
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inner circular and outer longitudinal
|
|
**
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concering the muscularis externa-- the superior 1/3 is skeltal muscle the middle 1/3 is a mix of skeletal and smooth and inferior 1/3 contains only smooth muscle
|
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scattered among the chief and parietal cells and prodcue at least seven secretions g cells are enteroendocrine cells that produce gastrin and stimulate the other cells
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enterioendocrine cells ahve endocrine function
|
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what porduces mucus in the stomach
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mucous or goblet cells
|
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contains an extra inner layer of oblique smooth muscle which strengthens the stomach wall and assists in mixing and churning of chyme
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muscularis externa of the stomach
|
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fingerlike projections of the mucosa over 1 mm high giving it a velvety texter. they are larger in the duodenum and gradually become narrower and shorter along the lenght of the small intestine
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villi of the stomach
|
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are foudn at the bases of the villi and decrease n number thorugh the lenght of the SI
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intestinal glands of the villi
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in the core or eeach villus is wide terminal lymph capillary which accompanies a dnese capillary bed
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lacteals
|
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transport material that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipis and liprotein complexes
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lacteals
|
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transport material that cannot enter the capillaries such as lipds and lipprotein complexes
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lacteals of the villi
|
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the capillaries absorb monosaccharides and amino acids
|
unlike lacteas which transport lipis and lipoprotiein complexes
|
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between the villi are pits that extend intot he lamina
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tubular glands
|
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other names of the tubular glands
|
intestinal glands
crypts of liebericuhn |
|
these glands secrete intestinal jice 1/2 L/day which contains an array of enzymes and mucus
|
tubular glands
|
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mucus secreting glands found only in the submucosa of the duodenum. they produce becarb rich mucus that eutralizes the acidic chyme and are compound tuoalveolar glands
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brunner's glands
|
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these are found only in the duodenum and help the neutralize acid
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brunner's blands
|
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simple columnar absoroptive cells boudn by tight junctions and richly endowed with microcilli which form a brush border and carry many of the enzymes or brush border enzymes
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columnar cells
|
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near the base of each gland stem cells produce new generations of epithelial cells which are displaces towards the tip of the villus in a few days
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undifferentiated cells
|
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mucus secreting cells that become more abundant through the length of the small intestine
|
mucous goblet cells
|
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located dep in the crypts they release an antibacterial enzyme
|
paneth cells
|
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break things part like lysozymes
|
paneth cells
|
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scattered cells that are the source of enterogastones intestinal hormones secretin and choecystokin--> gallbladder
|
enteroendocrine cells
|
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relatively fixed C shaped tube extending from thepyloric sphinter to the duodenojejunal flexure and is 25 cm in lenght
|
duodenum
|
|
is the duodenum retroperitoneal
|
YES
|
|
secretions int eh duodenum go from the bile duct and pancreaic duct to unit to form the
|
ampulla of vater or hepatopancreatic duct and enter the duodenum and duodenal pailla which can be opened or closed by a sphincter
|
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extened from the duodenojejnal flexure where it enters the abdominal cavity for about 1 m
|
jejunum
|
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the terminal 2 m of the SI it empties into the colon through the ileocecal valve
|
ileium
|
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abundant lymphoid nodules called peyers pathces which can be as large as cherries
|
ileum
|
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abundant lymphoid nodules in the ileum are called
|
peyers patches
|
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which parts of the small intestine are protected by mesentary which allows movement and prevents kinking
|
jej and ileum NOT duodenum
|
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what is the vascular supply of the small intestine
|
superior mesenteric artery
gastroducodenal artery a brach of the common hepatic artery supplies the pro=ximal duodenum |
|
what is the innervation of the small intestine
|
vagus nerve relayed mainly through the superior mesenteric plexus
|
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sympathetic innervation of the small intestine
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superior mesenteric plexus or cedliac plexus
|
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lenght of the large intestine
|
1.5 m
|
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wher eis the large intestine
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lies inferior to the stamacha dn liver and frames the small intestine
|
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compare the large to the small intestine
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diameter is three times but wall is MUCh thinner
|
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allow distensiona nd elongation in the walls of the colon
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pouches or haurstra
|
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contains numberous tear drop shaped sacs of fat the epiploic appendages
|
serosa contains the epiploic appendages
|
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functions are reabsorption of water and electrolytes of vitamins liberated by bacterial action and storing fecal material before defecation
|
large intestine
|
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does th mucosa have villi?
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NO not in the large intestine
|
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are goblets more or less present in the large intestien and why
|
less because feces are semisolid and lubricants are needed to lubricate the simple lining
|
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how does the lare intestine produce copisous mucus for lubrcation
|
has dinstinctive intestinal glands deeper than small intestine and dominated by goblet cells
|
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what are the two main layers of the large intestine
|
mucosa and muscularis externa
|
|
the longitudinal layer is reduced to three spearate longitudinal ribbons or the...
|
taneia coli ofthe muscularis externa
|
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what are the three kinds of movements in the large intestine
|
perstaltic
haurstral churning mass movment |
|
relaxed haustrum fills until it is distneded it then moves the feces on to the next haurstrum
|
haustral churcing
|
|
moves the fecal material towards the rectum. the response to eating is the gastocolic reflex
|
mass movement
|
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response to eatin
|
gastocolic reflex
|
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regions of the large intestine 4
|
cecum
colon rectum anal canal |
|
esxpanded poud the ileum attaches to the medial srufaceo f the cecum via the ileocecal valve which prevents he backflow of chyme
|
cecum
|
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collects and stores arriving materias and beings compaction
|
cecum
|
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attached posteromedially hollow lymphoid organ of 9 cm long
|
vermiform appendex
|
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extends superiorly from the cecum along the right abdominal wall it is retroperitoneal with the lateral and anterior walls covered by visceral peritoneum
|
ascending colon
|
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the colon bends sharply to the left
|
hepatic flexure
|
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the colon contiues from the right to the left side
|
transverse colon
|
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the colon bends sharply inferiorly
|
splenic flexure
|
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extneds inferiorly along he left abdominal wall and is retroperitoneal
|
descending colon
|
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at the ilia fossa the descneding colon proceeds as an s shaped segment about 15 cm long it lies posterior to the urinary bladder
|
iboid colon
|
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what are the six parts of the colon
|
ascending
hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid |
|
forms the last the 15 to 20 cm of the digestive tract. expandable organ for temporary sroage of fecal material
|
rectum
|
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last 2-3 cm of the rectum
|
anal canal
|
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lies anterior to the sacrum and is attached by peritoneum
|
anal canal
|
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contains longitudinal folds and anal columns
|
anal canal
|
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transverse folds mark the distal magins of the columns where the columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium
|
anal canal
|
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close to the anus the epithelium becomes...
|
keratinized
|
|
CIRCULAR LAYER OF THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA... inVOLUNTARY
|
internal sphincter
|
|
ring of skeletal muscle
|
voluntrary external anal sphincter
|
|
supplies the cecum apendix and ascneding and dproximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
|
superior mesenteric artery
|
|
supplies the distal 1.3 of the transverse colon and descending and sigmoid colon and the rectum
|
inferior mesenteric artery
|
|
what is the innervation of the first half of the colon
|
parasyp from the vagus nerve relayed through the superior mesenteric plexus
symp from the superior mesenteric plexus |
|
what is the innervation of the second half of the colon
|
parasymp from the pelvic splancchnic nerve
symp from the inferior mesenteric plexus |
|
four muscles of the tongue
|
genioglossus
hypoglossus palatoglossus styloglossus |
|
origin is the medial surface of the mandible and insterts into the body of the tongue and hyoid
|
genioglossus
|
|
action depresses and protracts XII
|
genioglossus
|
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origin is the hyoid and side of the tongue
|
hypoglossus
|
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depresses and retracts XII
|
hypoglossus
|
|
origin is anterior surface of the soft palate and insterts into the side of the tongue
|
palatoglossus
|
|
elevates tongue depresss soft palate XI Accessory nerve
|
palatoglossus
|
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origin is the styloid process and inserts along the side of the tongue
|
styloglossus
|
|
retracts tongue and elevates sides XII
|
styloglossus
|
|
enzymes of the mouth and salivary enzymes
|
salivry amylase
|
|
source of salivary amylase
|
salivary glands
|
|
digestive action of salivary amylase converts starch and glyogen into dsaccharides
|
salivary amylase
|
|
gastric juice enzymes
|
pepsin in the stomach
|
|
pepsin in the stomach
|
chief cells and bgin digestion of protein
|
|
intestinal juice enzymes
|
small intestine
|
|
LPMSLLANE
|
lipase
peptidase maltase sucrase lactase amylase nucelase enterokinase |
|
what is the source of the intestinal juice enzymes
|
intestinal glands
|
|
converts proteins to amino acids
|
peptidase
|
|
convers disaccharides into monosaccharides
|
sucrase
maltase lactase |
|
converts triglycereides into fatty acids and glycerol
|
lipase
|
|
converts starch and glycogen into disaccharides
|
amylase
|
|
converts nucleic acids into nucleotides
|
nuclease
|
|
activates trypsin breaks down proteins
|
enterokindase of the small intestine intestinal juices
|
|
pancreatic juice enzymes
|
also small intestine
|
|
CTCPLAN
|
chymotrypsin
trypsin carboxypeptidase peptidase lipase amylase nuclease |
|
what are the sources of the CTCPLAN pancreatic juice enzymes in the small intestine
|
pancrease
|
|
converts starch and glyocgen ainto disacchrarides
|
amylase
|
|
converts triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
|
lipase
|
|
converts proteins or partially digested proteins into amino acids
|
peptidase
trypsin chynotripsin carboxypptidase |
|
converts nuycleic acids into nucleotides
|
nuclease
|
|
the pancreas is a blank gland
|
mixed gland
|
|
lumpy nodular retroperitoneal organ cound tubuloacinar gland endocrine function by cluster cells, pancreateic islets or silets of lnagerhans
|
pancreas
|
|
produce insulin which loewrs serum glucose
|
beta cells
|
|
produce glucagon which raises serum glucose
|
alpha cells
|
|
what are the secretions of the pancrease like
|
exocrine secretions digestive secreaions
|
|
expanded area adjacent tot he loop of the duodenum as it leaves the pylorus (pancrase)
|
head
|
|
centrall located in pancrease
|
body
|
|
short bluntly rounded positional near the spleen
|
tail of pancreas
|
|
pathway for secretions to get to GI tract
|
central lumen of acini
main pancreatic duct common bile duct hepatopancreatic ampulla accessory pancreatic duct |
|
in pancreas, each acinus a blind pocket or pouch is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium that secretes water ions and enzymes
|
centrallumen of acini
|
|
delivers secretions to the duodenal ampulla in the pancreas
|
main pancreatic duct
|
|
comes from the union of the right and left hepatic ducts carrying bile form the liver. the bile within the common hepatic duct may either eter the duodenum through the duodenal ampulla or enter the cystic duct that leads to the gallbladder
|
common bile duct
|
|
may branch form the main pancreatic duct before it leaves the pancreas and enter the duodenum through a seprate ampulla the lesser duodenal ampulla
|
accessory pancreatic duct
|
|
what makes up the celiac turnk
|
spenic arter
common hepatic artery |
|
what is the vascular supply of the pancreas
|
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery |
|
what artery of the celiac trunk donates numberous small arteries or "pancreatics"
|
splenic artery of the celiac trunk
|
|
what artery donates the gastroduodenal and superior panreaticoduodenal arteries in the celiac trunk of the pancreas
|
commonn hepatic artery
|
|
what is associaed with the inferior pancreaticudoudenal artery
|
superior mesenteric artery
|
|
what is the pancreas innervated by
|
branches of the celiac plexus
|
|
the glandular portion of the pancreas recieves parasymp innervation and is part of the blank plexus
|
celiac plexus
|
|
the pancreatic blood vessels recieve symp innervation and are branches of the blank plexus
|
celiac
|
|
organ that weight about 1.3 kg or 4 pounds and performs over 500 known functions
|
liver
|
|
wrapped in a togh fibrous capusle and covered by visceral peritoneum
|
liver
|
|
this anteriorl mesentery separates the liver into right and left lobes. inferiorly the falciform ligament thickens becoming the round ligament or legamentum teres a fibrous band which is the remnant of the umbilical vein
|
falciform ligament
|
|
inferiorly i the liver the falciform ligament thickens to become the
|
round ligament or ligamentum teres
|
|
what is the remnant of the umbilical vein
|
ligamentum teres or round ligament
|
|
what are the lobes
|
right
left caudate above quadrate lower |
|
what is the basic functional unit of theliver
|
lobules
|
|
how many lobules in each of the larger lobes
|
100 000
|
|
form irregular pates that are one cell layer thick and are arranged like wagon wheels around the central vien
|
hepatocytes
|
|
blood enters the liver sinusoids from small branches of the
|
portal vein and hepatic artery
|
|
a teypicallobule is hexagonal with 6 blank areas
|
portal areas or hepatic triads at the corners
|
|
each portal area contains a branch of the
|
hepatic portal vien, a branch of the hepatic artery and a small branch of the bile duct
|
|
blood flwos from the portal vein branches and hepatic artery branches through the sinusoids to the
|
central vein
|
|
the liver recieves what percent of the blood supply
|
20
|
|
how is bile produced
|
by adjacent hepatocytes and flows through bile canaliculus to the bile duct
|
|
functions including producing bile
|
liver
|
|
a green alkaline fluid stored int heh gall bladder and secreted into the duodenum
|
bile
|
|
consists of water bilirubin choesteroland varios lipids known as bile salts
|
bile
|
|
a breakdown product of hemoglobin found in bile
|
bilirubin
|
|
what buffers the acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum and emulsifies lipids
|
bile
|
|
the liver receives what percent of cardiac output
|
25%
|
|
what removes old damaged RBCs cellular debris and pathogens
|
phagocytic cells
|
|
synthesize plasma proteins that contributre to the osmotic concentration of blood
|
liver cells
|
|
transport nutrients and establish the clotting the completment systes
|
liver cells
|
|
a large number of phagocytic cells tha tline the siusoids
|
kupffer cells
|
|
what are the metabolic functions of the liver
|
regulates systemic circulatin glevels of carbs amino acieds and lipis
removes toxins and metabolic waste excess nutrients are absorbed an stored fat soluble vitamis ADEK are absorbed na dstored |
|
collect bile form the bile ducts of their respective lobes
|
L and R hepatic duct
|
|
is the union of the right an dleft ducts from here bile can flow into either the gall bladder via the cystic duct or into the commo bile duct
|
common hepatic duct
|
|
is the union of the cystic duct and the comon hepatic ducts and flows into the duodenum
|
common bile duct
|
|
the unionof the common bile duct and the pancreatic flow into a sphinceter regulated canal to the duodenum
|
hepatopnacreatic ampulla
|
|
what is the innervation oft he liver
|
parasym form vagus
symp from throcolumbar nerves through the celiac ganglia |
|
functions sotres biles and concetnerates the GB mucosa has folds similar to the gastric folds when the duodenum is epty the hepatopancreatic sphinter constricts and forces bile into the cystic duct of the gall bladder
|
gall bladder
|
|
the spincter surrounding the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
|
sphinterofoddi
|
|
Intraperitoneal organs
|
LSITS
liver stomach ileum and jejunum transverse colon sigmoid colon |
|
retroperitoneal organs (lack mesenteries)
|
PRADA
pancreas rectum ascending colon descending colon deuodenum |
|
mesentery associated with each
liver stomach ileum and jejunum transverse colonn sigmoid colon |
falciform ligament and lesser omentrum
greater and lesser omentum mesentery proper tranverse mesocolon sigmoid mesocolon |
|
the proximal protion about 2.45 cm long passes htrough the prostate and receives drainage form the small prostatic duct and the two ejecaultory ducts
|
proitstatic
passes through the urogetnial diaphragm and proximal potion of the penis location of the external urethral sphincter mucels |
|
membranous
|
longest portion ducts of trhe bulbourethral gands attach to the pongy par of the uretra
|
|
internal urtwehral sphincter is formed by wqhat muscle
|
detrusor
|
|
external urethral sphinceter is voluntary or involuntary
|
voluntery found as the urethra passes through the urogetntal diaphragm
|
|
whatr is the prefix for bladder problems
|
pyelitis is kidneys cystitis is urinary bladder
|
|
arterial supply of the urinary bladder
|
superior and inferior vesicular arteries branches of th e internal iliac arteries
|
|
venous vascular supplh of the urinary bladder
|
vesicular venous plexus that drains into th internal iliac veins
|
|
triangular opening between the two ureteralk openings adn the urethral opening
|
trigones
|
|
transitional epithelium becomes theinner as distended
|
tunica mucosa
|
|
onlh on the superior surface of the bladder and a continuation of the parietal peritoneum
|
tunica adventicia
|
|
detrusor mucles
|
tunica muscularis
|
|
where do the ureters begin
|
renal pelvis
|
|
do the ureters enter the peritoneum
|
no they penetrate the bladder without entering the peritoneum
|
|
peristalsis is initatied by ruine in the
|
pelvis and frequently is determined by volume of urine
|
|
where is the transitional eptiehlium in the ureters
|
tunica mucosa
|
|
vascular supply of the ureters
|
superior protion brnaches of renal artery
middle protion branches of gonadel artery inferior or pelvic portion is superior vesicualr arty |
|
peristatlsis is principally a what reflex
|
local stretch reflex
|
|
collection system
|
papillary duct to minor major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter
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endocrine structure that prodcues renin adn ertyrhopoietin
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juxtaglomerualar apparats
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mascula densa
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DCT glomerulas juxtaglomerular apparatus
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cells that occupy the space between the DCT and the nephron are called the
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extraglomeruular mesangial cells
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what does the PCT secrets
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H plus ammonium ions creatinine drugs and toxins
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potassium calcium magnesium bicarb phosphate and sulfate are absorbed hwere
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PCT
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surrounds the capillary endothelium has several times the thickness and density of a typcical basement membrane called the lamina dnsa it restricts the passage of plasma proteins that lamina densa may encircle tow or more capillaries
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basement membrane
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allows or the loss of wastes and electrolytes as well as glucose amino acid free fatty acids and vitamins
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basement membrane
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glomerular capillariews are fenesetrates the pores exculde blood cells and larger protiei9nns but allow the loss of water and other solutes into the glomerular filtrate
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endothlium
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what kind of epithelium is visceral wall
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simple squam
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blood is brought to the glomerular capillaries by an
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afferent arteriole
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rename the lumn
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bowman's capsule
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trace the water molecule
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renal pyramid
papilla minor major renal pelvis ureter trigone urethra |
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darker striped appearance in the kidney
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medullary layers
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the middle layer of firm protectve mass of fatty tissue
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adipose capsule
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strong transparent fibrous attarchment to the surface of the k9idney
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renal capsule
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what converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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renin
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