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344 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bone Tissue: Components
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cells & intercellular substance
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Bone Tissue: Cells
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osteoblast & osteocyte
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osteoblast
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immature cell; goes thru developmental process
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osteocyte
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mature cells; production of intercellular sub isolates osteocytes from one another in lacunae
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Bone Tissue: intercellular substance
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fibers & matrix
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fibers
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collagen fibers suspended in matrix outside of cells
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matrix
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1) organic matrix/osteoid 2)inorganic matrix
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organic matrix
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made of chemicals- proteoglycans & glycoproteins; soft until crystals added
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inorganic matrix
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composed of chemicals-hydroxyapatite crystals made of calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide; crystals attach to collagen fibers hardening the matrix
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Structural Types of Bone
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1) spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone 2) compact/cortical bone
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spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
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lamellae in layers; 4/> layers; layers straight & curved ... form trabeculae
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trabeculae
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create spaces w/in cancellous bone w/ red bone marrow in spaces
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compact/cortical bone
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long bones of our body; lamellae present concentric circles; gives strength to bone (makes hard, X break easy)
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Microscopic structure of Compact Bone
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1)haversion canal 2) lamellae 3) lacunae containing osteocytes 4) cannaliculi 5) volkmans canal 6)interstitial lamellae 7) outer circumferential lamellae 8) inner cir. lamellae
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haversion canal
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contains 3 elements: 1) bv's 2)lymph vessels 3)nerve fiber that supply all osteocytes w/ nutrition
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lamellae
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present in concentric circles or hard bony matrix; alternate w/ rings of lacunae containing osteocytes
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lacunae containing osteocytes
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alternate w/ lamellae w/ haversion canal in middle
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cannaliculi
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fine canals; contain ECF (derived from hav. canal, derived from capillary w/in it); have to cross lamellae & connect lacunae to one another (1st to hav canal)
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diffusion of nutrients
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thru cannaliculi from haversion canal to lacunae
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diffusion of waste
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thru osteocytes to haversion canal
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volkmans canal
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connects haversion canals together (horizontal); begin @ outer surface of bone & extend inward to hard bony tissue; transmit bv's from outer surface to interior
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interstitial lamellae
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found in b/w osteons (filling spaces b/w osteons in abnormal shape)
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outer circumferential lamellae
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found @ outer surface of bone & around peremeter of long bone
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inner circumferential lamellae
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found around bone marrow cavity of long bone; circular
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Classification of Bone
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(based on shape) 1)long bone 2)short bones 3)flat bones 4)irregular bones 5)sesamoid bones
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Long Bones
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1)diaphysis 2)epiphysis 3)periosteum 4)endosteum
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diaphysis
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shaft; hollow cylinder; hollow for bone marrow cavity; 1)walls 2)bone marrow cavity
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walls of diaphysis
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made mostly of compact bone; thin layer of cancellous bone next to bone marrow cavity
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bone marrow cavity/medullary cavity of diaphysis
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in young bones- contains red bone marrow & in elder bones- contains yellow bone marrow from fat deposition
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epiphysis
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extremeties of long bones; rounded & expanded; articulate w/ another bone; no bone marrow cavity
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4 features of epipysis
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1)thin compact bone @ surface 2)cancellous bone internally 3)articulating cartilage (cart covering bone) 4)red bone marrow @ spaces of internal cancellous bone
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periosteum
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covers entire surface of long bone, except articulating cartilage; made of white fibrous conn tissue
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4 features of periosteum
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1)sharpeys fibers- collagenous; connect periosteum to bone tightly 2)bv's, lymph v's, nerve fibers directed to internal side of bone coming from periosteum 3)osteogenic inner layer 4)site for tendons/ligaments attachmt
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osteogenic
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contains osteoblasts that can produce new bone when needed
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endosteum
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conn tissue membrane; lines bone marrow cavity of diaphysis; delicate, but also osteogenic
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short, flat, irregular bones
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1)outer surface- thin compact bone; 2)internally- large region cancellous bone (w/ spaces filled w/ red bone marrow)
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Development of Bone:
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1)Intramembranous Bone 2) Intracartilagenous/Endochondral Bone 3)cont of long bones ossification 4) @ birth
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@ birth, cranial bones have 2 unusual aspects
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1)not connected 2)unossified regions of membrane @ some areas
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fontanels
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unossified region of membrane in cranium; 6
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1)anterior/frontal/bregmatic fontanel
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"soft spot"; located b/w frontal/parietal bones; 18-24 months for final ossification
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2)posterior/occipital fontanel
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b/w parietal/occipital bone; 1 yr for final ossification; sutures=membrane still
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3)antero-lateral/sphenoidal fontanels (2)
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b/w frontal/parietals/great wing of sphenoid/temporal bone; 2 mo for final ossification
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4)postero-lateral/mastoidal fontanels (2)
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b/w occipital/parietals/temporal bone; behind mastoid process; 2-3 mo for final ossification
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functions of fontanels
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loose connection allows for cranial bones to overlap @ child birth (accomodate to birth canal)
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continuation of ossification in long bones
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periosteum involvement; bone marrow cavity formation
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periosteum involvement
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makes more compact bone in diaphysis
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periosteum
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covers entire surface of long bone, except articulating cartilage; made of white fibrous conn tissue
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4 features of periosteum
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1)sharpeys fibers- collagenous; connect periosteum to bone tightly 2)bv's, lymph v's, nerve fibers directed to internal side of bone coming from periosteum 3)osteogenic inner layer 4)site for tendons/ligaments attachmt
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osteogenic
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contains osteoblasts that can produce new bone when needed
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endosteum
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conn tissue membrane; lines bone marrow cavity of diaphysis; delicate, but also osteogenic
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short, flat, irregular bones
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1)outer surface- thin compact bone; 2)internally- large region cancellous bone (w/ spaces filled w/ red bone marrow)
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Development of Bone:
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1)Intramembranous Bone 2) Intracartilagenous/Endochondral Bone 3)cont of long bones ossification 4) @ birth
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@ birth, cranial bones have 2 unusual aspects
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1)not connected 2)unossified regions of membrane @ some areas
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fontanels
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unossified region of membrane in cranium; 6
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1)anterior/frontal/bregmatic fontanel
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"soft spot"; located b/w frontal/parietal bones; 18-24 months for final ossification
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2)posterior/occipital fontanel
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b/w parietal/occipital bone; 1 yr for final ossification; sutures=membrane still
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3)antero-lateral/sphenoidal fontanels (2)
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b/w frontal/parietals/great wing of sphenoid/temporal bone; 2 mo for final ossification
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4)postero-lateral/mastoidal fontanels (2)
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b/w occipital/parietals/temporal bone; behind mastoid process; 2-3 mo for final ossification
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functions of fontanels
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loose connection allows for cranial bones to overlap @ child birth (accomodate to birth canal)
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continuation of ossification in long bones
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periosteum involvement; bone marrow cavity formation
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periosteum involvement
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makes more compact bone in diaphysis
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bone marrow cavity formation
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osteocytes breakdown cancellous bone @ interior of diaphysis-->creatig bone marrow cavity; red bone marrow remains
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@ birth...
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epiphyses are still almost entirely made of cartilage; diaphysis is bone
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in epiphyses...
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secondary ossification center forms; post partum dev of long bones
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post partum dev of long bones
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2 ossif center forms same as 1 except: 1)epiphyseal plate appears as layer of hyaline cartilage @ base of epiphysis & lies on cancellous bone of diaphysis-metaphysis; lacks bone marrow cavity in epip; hyaline cart of epip remains as the articular cart
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growth of long bones in children/ado-->adults: types of growth
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1)growth in length 2)growth in circumference
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growth in length (intercartilagenous)
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epiphyses grow away from diaphysis in opp. directions
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site of long bone growth
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epiphyseal plate/disc
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4 steps of growth in length
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1)cartilage next to metaphysis undergoes mitosis (aka adds cart to epiphysis moving it away from diap) 2)lower layer @ epiphyseal plate changes to bone-->calcified & dies-->replaced w/ cancellous bone 3)total length of diap increases 4)closure of epiphyseal plate
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closure of epiphyseal plate
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cartilage completely replaced by bone @ this point & becomes epiphyseal line (all bone); complete in all indiv by 25 (F 17-19, M 19-21)
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growth in circumferenc (intramembranous)
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growth in diameter of diaphysis; occurs in 2 locations: 1)@ outer surface of diaphysis 2) bone marrow cavity
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growth @ outer surface of diaphysis
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periosteum makes new bone @ outer surface of diap, increasing overall diameter of diap
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growth of bone marrow cavity
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1)osteoclasts break down bone @ border of cavity-->inc diameter of cavity 2)osteoblasts produce new bone @ border of cavity (less new bone prod than old bone removed)-->overall inc of diap & cavity diameter
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factors affecting bone growth
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1)hormones 2)vitamin A
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hormones:
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1)thyroxine 2)somatotrophic hormone/growth hormone 3)sex hormones- estrogen & testosterone
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thryroxine (from thyroid gland)
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stimulates growth in epiphyseal plate (inc diap in length)
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lack of thyroxine prod post natal
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abnormally slow growth in epiphyseal plate-->diap too short-->brain dev slowed
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STH/GH (from anterior pituitary gland)
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-->liver-->prod insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1)-->stimulates growth in epip plate-->inc in diameter of diap
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errors in GH prod
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1)hypersecretion before closure 2)hyposecretion before closure
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hypersecretion before closure
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excess STH-->stimulates growth in long bone-->growth to over 8ft (tallest M in world 8'11")
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hyposecretions before closure
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too little STH secreted-->long bones X grow in length-->stunted growth ~3'-3'6"
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sex hormones
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both stimulate closure of long bones; estrogen works faster than testosterone in closure
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Vit A
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needed for maturation of cartilage in epiphyseal plate; lack of VitA prod unusual bone struc
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maturation:
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cells divide, cartilage cells calcified, die, replaced by bone
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lack of VitA:
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retards maturation process; long bones too short but circumference not affected & diameter normal (chode) ... X common in human pop
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calcification of bone
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depostion/addition of hydroxyapatite crystals to collagen fibers in bony matrix-->hardening matrix
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calcification of bone: hormonal control
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1)calcitonin 2)parathormone
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calcitonin
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from thyroid gland; inhibits osteoclastic activity in bones; favors osteoblastic activity (new bone prod calcified); level in blood controlled by Ca+ level in blood
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parathormone
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from parathyroid gland; stimualtes osteoclastic activity (break down bone); calcium salts removed from bone & appear in blood
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calcitonin & parathormone work ...
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antagonistically
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calcification of bone: dietary factors
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1)VitA excess 2)VitC deficiency 3)VitD 4)calcium & osteoporosis
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VitA excess
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too > stored in body->stimulates osteoclasts (break down bone)->removes Ca from bone(weakens bone)-->brittle bones!
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VitC deficiency
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vitC required for prod of collagen; def->prod of abnormal collagen->proper amt Ca in bone matrix X held->low levels of hydroxyapatite crystals-->soft bones!
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VitD
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vitD stimulates uptakes of Ca from int to blood helping regulate Ca ion conc in blood; Ca is deposited into bone tiss as hydroxyapatite crystals
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VitD deficiency
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lack of Ca absorbed int->bone has less Ca than normal-->soft bones!; children=rickets, adults=oseomalasia
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calium/osteoporosis
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common in F after menopause; lack of estrogen->decalcification of bones->bones weaker than normal->trabiculae thinner->bone fractures > easily endured
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Bone fractures: types
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1)incomplete 2)complete
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incomplete bone fracture
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fracture, but bone not seperated into seperate segments; > common in children- "greenstick frx"; in adults- "hairline frx"
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complete bone fracture types:
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1)simple frx 2)compound frx 3)depressed frx 4)comminuted frx 5)avulsion frx 6)impaction frx 7)pathological frx
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complete: simple frx
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bone frxd into @ least 2 major fragments; bone X rupture skin
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complete: compound frx
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fracture creates @ least 2 major fragments; bone pierces skin
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complete: depressed frx
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bone forced into soft tissue; ex-severe skull frx forced into brain, rib forced into lung
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complete: comminuted frx
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2 major fragments; b/w 2 major fragments, many small bone fragments
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complete: avulsion frx
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finger/toe ripped off; whole limb torn off; >commonly, section of tuberosity torn loose by muscular contrxtn; portion of bone removed w/ tendon
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complete:impaction frx
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long bones; portion of epiphysis driven into diaphysis; > common @ elbow
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complete: pathological frx
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something wrong w/ bone @ beginning; related to bone cancer or metastatic cancer where bone tissue weakened; minimun force leads to frx
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healing of frx's:
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1)reduction 2)natural healing process
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frx healing: reduction
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not part of recovery-must occur before tissue heals; broken bone realigned into normal position by 1)closed 2)open
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reduction: closed
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manipulated externally; no surgery
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reduction: open
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requires surgery with pins/plates to maintain normal position
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frx healing: natural healing process
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1)procallus formation 2)fibrocartilage callus formation 3)bony callus formation 4)elimination of ext callus & reformation of bone marrow cavity
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natural healing process: procallus formation
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1)hematoma formation (blood clot) 2)granulation tissue formation
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hematoma formation
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occurs b/w 2 spots: 1)b/w broken fragments 2)b/w periosteum & outer surface of bone
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granulation tissue formation
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1)fibroblasts invade hematoma & prod WFCT thruout hematoma 2)macrophages enter & destroy dying soft tiss 3)osteoclasts destroy microscopic dying fragments of bone 4)external callus is WFCT located under periosteum & above bone surface 5)internal callus is WFCT located b/w 2 major frags
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natural healing process: fibrocartilage callus formation
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1)fibroblasts->chondroblasts 2)chondroblasts making fibrocartilage replacing components in procallus (WFCT)
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natural healing process: bony callus formation
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1)osteoblasts come from bm & periosteum invade fibrocart callus, fibrocart calcified & dies 2)osteoblasts prod cancellous bone 3)compact bone prod @ periosteum
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natural healing process: elim ext callus & reform bm cavity
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*only in long bone; 1)osteoclasts destroy cancellous bony ext callus 2)clears out bm cavity of bone 3)periosteum prod compact bone @ surface ... & now norm
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fxns of bone:
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1)skeletal muscle attachmt 2)mechanical fxn 3)framework of support 4)protection 5)storage of Ca & PO4 6)hemopoiesis
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fxns of bone: skeletal muscle attachmt
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tendons of muscle attach to periosteum of bone
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fxns of bone: mechanical fxn
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creates leverage system in association with skeletal muscle, allowing for mvmt and ability to do work
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fxns of bone: framework of support
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for soft tissues other than skeletal muscle
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fxns of bone: protection
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forms cavities that contain body organs: cranial cavity-brain, spinal cav-spinal cord, thoracic cav-heart/lungs, pelvic cav-urinary bladder
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fxns of bone: storage of CA & PO4
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reservoir; 99% Ca in body is in bone (bone can be broken down & release CA, or can store it)
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fxns of bone: hemopoeisis
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formation of RBC, WBC, and blood platelets in red bm
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structure of human skeleton:
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1)axial skeleton 2)appendicular skeleton
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axial skeleton:
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1)skull 2)vertebrae 3)sacrum 4)coccyx 5)sternum 6)ribs
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appendicular skeleton:
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1)bones of arms & legs 2)clavicle 3)scapula 4)pelvic bones
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skull
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1)neurocranium/cranium: part of skull that encases brain 2)splanchnocranium: facial portion of skull
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cranium:
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1)frontal bone 2)parietal bones 3)temporal bones 4)sphenoid bone 5)ethmoid bone 6)occipital bone 7)sutures
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cranium: frontal bone
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makes up forehead; contributes to orbits; frontal sinuses
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frontal sinuses
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spaces b/w walls of bone; always lined by mucuous memb; located @ lower forehead region & some connect w/ nasal cav
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cranium: parietal bones
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form > of top of cranium & upper lateral portions of cranium
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cranium: temporal bones
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@ mid-lateral portion & base of cranium; composed of: 1)external auditory meatus 2)mastoid process 3)zygomatic process 4)styloid process 5)mandibular fossa 6)carotid canal 7)jugular foramen 8)petrous process 9)internal auditory meatus
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external auditory meatus
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opening to external ear canal (hollow tube beginning @ meatus, extending in, ends @ ear drum in middle ear
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mastoid process
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protrusion of bone; site of attchmt of musc that moves head->sternocleidomastoid; hollowed out w/ air cells internally
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air cells:
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mastoid sinuses: lined by mucuous memb; can contract infxn from middle ear: mastoiditis; can be transferred to meninges: meningitis
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zygomatic process
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forms part of zygomatic arch; site for masseter attchmt
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styloid process
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extends dwn from base of temp bone; indirectly connected to hyoid bone by special skeletal muscles
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only bone that X articulate w/ another bone in body
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hyoid bone
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mandibular fossa
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depression in base of temp bone; site of articulation w/ mandible
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carotid canal
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allows for passage of internal carotid artery from neck to brain (1 of 2 major bv's supplying brain w/ blood)
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jugular foramen
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alllows for passage of internal jugular vein from brain to neck
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petrous process
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important b/c houses 2 parts of ear: middle ear & internal ear
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internal auditory meatus
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w/in petrous process; allows for passage of auditory nerve fron inner ear where originates to brain
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cranium: sphenoid bone
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made of: 1)lesser wings 2)greater wings 3)body of sphenoid 4)pterygoid processes
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lesser wings
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contribute to floor of cranial cav; contain optic foramina-allow for passage of optic nerve from orbits to brain
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greater wings
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larger; contribute to lateral cranium, floor of cranium & contain 4 foramina
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4 foramina of greater wings:
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foramen spinosum, ovale, lacerum, rotundum; allow for passage of vessels & nerves from facial part of skull to brain
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body of sphenoid
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located b/w great wings; top depressed->sella turcica where pituitary gland located; hollow space->sphenoidal sinuses
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pterygoid processes
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4; giant plates of bone extending dwn off sphenoid; site for muscle attchmt involved w/ chewing or mastication
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cranium: ethmoid bone
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made of: 1)cribiform plate 2)crista galli 3)perpendicular plate 4)orbital plate 5)labyrinth portions
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cribiform plate
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contributes to floor of cranial cav; punctuated by many fine foramina->olfactory foramina allowing for passage of olfactory nerves from nasal cav to brain
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crista galli
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extends vertically up from crib plate; connects to meninges of brain (memb); stabilize ant part of brain
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perpendicular plate
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extends vertically down from crib plate into nasal cav; contributes to nasal septum-dividing nasal cav in half
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orbital plate
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contributes to medial portion of orbit; plate of bone w/ hollow air spaces in it->ethmoid sinuses
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labyrinth portions
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extensions of bone into nasal cav; 1)superior nasal conchae 2)medial nasal conchae
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cranium: occipital bone
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base of skull w/ minor contributions from temp bone; made of: 1)foramen magnum 2)occipital condyles
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foramen magnum
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largest foramen in skull; allows for passage of spinal cord from brain to the spinal canal of vert column
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occipital condyles
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@ either side of foramen magnum; where skull articulates w/ vert column- atlas in part.
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cranium: sutures
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synarthroses; immoveable joints; precisely fit together b/w bones w/ collagen fibers crossing suture making cxn b/w bone very tight
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saggital suture
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anterior-posterior orientation; seperates parietal bones
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coronal suture
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left-right orientation; seperates frontal from parietals
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lambdoidal suture
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oblique orientation; seperates occipital from parietals & temporals; contains wormian bones
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squamous sutures
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seperates parietals & temporals
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cranium: abnormalities in dev
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1)microcephaly 2)hydrocephalis
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microcephaly
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caused by craneostenosis->premature ossification of sutures fusing; diff degrees det if survive/X; still born- face portion normal, cranium too small
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hydrocephalis
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"water on the head"; spaces inside brain-ventricles filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid->brain & head enlarge; splanchnocran norm; neurocran too big
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fix hydrocephalis:
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put in VP shunt (ventriculo-peritoneal): system of tubing w/ valves in children; 1)tube in ventricle of brain w/ valve 2)tube passes from brain thru neck into peritoneal cav
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splanchnocranium:
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made of: 1)madible/maxilla 2)palatine bones 3)inferior nasal conchae 4)vomer 5)zygomatic bone 6)nasal bones 7)lacrimal bones 8)orbital cav 9)nasal cav 10)paranasal sinuses
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splanchnocranium: mandible
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lower jaw; made of 1)angle 2)body 3)alveolar border 4)ramus 5)coronoid proc 6)condyloid proc
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angle of mandible
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sperates body from ramus
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body of mandible
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"U"shaped; extends from angle to angle; supports alveolar border
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alveolar border of mandible
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collective tooth sockets
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ramus of mandible
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branchlike area connects body to coronoid proc & condyloid proc
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coronoid proc of mandible
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site of muscle attchmt of mandible; lies in front of condyloid proc
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condyloid proc of mandible
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supports mandibular condyle->articulates w/ temp bone @ mandibular fossa
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only moveable joint in skull
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mandible
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splanchnocranium: maxilla
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upper jaw; made of: 1)frontal proc 2)zygomatic proc 3)alveolar proc 4)lacrimal groove 5)palatine proc
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frontal proc of maxilla
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articulates w/ zygomatic bone
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alveolar proc of maxilla
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collective tooth sockets
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lacrimal groove of maxilla
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allows for passage of nasolacrimal duct passing from orbit into nasal can; conducts tear solution thru duct into cav; associated w/ frontal bone
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palatine proc of maxilla
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horizontal plate of bone forming anterior 2/3s of hard plate
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splanchnocranium: palatine bones
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septerate bones; "L"shaped; 1)horizontal plate-bottom of L; articulates w/ palatine proc & makes up post 1/3 of hard plate
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splanchnocranium: inferior nasal conchae (2)
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indiv bone; flattened, curved plate; connected to maxilla & projects into nasal cav
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splanchnocranium: vomer
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articulates w/ body of sphenoid; also articulates w/ palatine bones, palatine proc of max, perpendic plate of ethmoid; main feature->contributes to nasal septum
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splanchnocranium: zygomatic bone
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"cheek bone"; 1)frontal proc-art w/ frontal bone 2)maxillary proc-art w/ maxilla 3)temporal proc-art w/ zygo proc of temp
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splanchnocranium:nasal bones
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form "bridge of the nose"
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splanchnocranium: lacrimal bone
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located in orbit; adjacent to nasolacrimal duct
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splanchnocranium: orbital cav & contents
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eyes; orbital fat pads; skeletal muscles @ back of orbit- extrinsic muscles of the eye; lacrimal glands
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splanchnocranium: nasal cavity
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cavity surrounded by bone; located above oral cav; 1)4 bony boundaries 2)nasal septum
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4 bony boundaries of nasal cav:
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1)@ superior-cribiform plate of ethmoid 2)@superior-lateral-oribital plate of ethmoid 3)@lateral-maxillum 4)@ floor-palatine proc-maxilla-horizontal plate of palatine bone
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nasal septum of nasal cav
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made of 2 bony structures divided in 1/2; 1)perpendicular plate of ethmoid 2) vomer
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splanchnocranium: paranasal sinuses (4)
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spaces in bones; around & continuous w/ nasal cav; 1)frontal sinus-in frontal bone 2)ethmoidal sinus- in deial orbital region 3)sphenoidal sinus- behind eyes 4)maxillary sinus-hollowed out portion of max
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characteristics of paranasal sinuses
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lined by mucuous memb, continuous w/ nasal cav made w/ mucuous memb
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clinical note of paranasal sinuses
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infxn- sinusitis: mucuous memb expands->prevents drainage of mucus into sinus cav->builds pressure in sinus->pain (common cold, allergy)
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hyoid bone
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in neck, b/w mandible & top layer of larynx; connected by skeletal musc to styloid proc of temp bone
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hyoid bone fxns:
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associates w/ extrinsic muscles of the tongue & its mvmts
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vertebral column: components
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1)cervical vert assoc. w/ neck-7 2)thoracic vert assoc w/ thorax-12 3)lumbar vert assoc w/ small of back-5 4)sacrum 5)coccyx
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vertebral column: fxns
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1)support-head & trunk of body 2)protection-spinal cord in spinal cav 3)hemopoeisis
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vertebral column: typical structure
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1)body/centrum 2)neural/vertebral arch 3)spinous proc 4)transverse proc 5)superior/inferior articular proc
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body/centra of vertebra
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located on ant side when anatomical pos; supports neural arch
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neural/vertebral arch of vertebra
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composed of 2 pedicles & 2 laminae; creates vertebral foramen, collectively forming vertebral canal
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pedicles
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arise off centrum
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laminae
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extend from pedicles & fuse
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spinous proc of vertebra
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located post to neural arch; site of attchmt for muscles & ligaments
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transverse proc of vertebra
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lateral extension where pedicle & lamina fuse; site for musc & lig attchmt
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superior articular proc of vertebra
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superior ext; part of struc articulating facets; art w/ inf art proc of vert located above it
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inferior articular proc of vertebra
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possesses facets; art w/ sup proc of vert located below it
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vertebral column: differences b/w vertebrae
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1)atlas 2)axis 3)skull mvmt 4)other vert... 5)sacrum 6)coccyx
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atlas
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C1; no centrum; modified neural arch (2 arches-ant/post); transverse proc w/ transverse foramina; sup art. facets art w/ occipital condyles of skull
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transverse foramina of C verts
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allow brain to get 1/2 of blood supply thru vertebral arteries passing thru foramina on way to brain
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axis
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C2; body present but reduced size; ondontoid proc/dens present as sup ext art w/ ant arch of atlas; transverse foramina present
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skull mvmts allowed by atlas/axis
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ant/post mvmt(chest-back); lateral mvmt->atlas remains in anatomical position & only skull moves; rotation->atlas moves w/ skull about dens
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other Cervical vert
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lamina, spinous proc, etc
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other Thoracic vert
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2 uncommon char 1)transverse proc has facet on it where tubercle of rib art 2)demifacets on the body where head of rib art
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other Lumbar vert
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largest vert of vert column b/c have to support trunk of body; transv proc simple ext- no facets or foramina w/ fxn of muscle/lig attchmt
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sacrum
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made up of 5 fused vertebrae; posterior portion of pelves; triangular shape, curved bone; sacral promontory @ top art w/ L5; sacral canal centally located containing spinal nerves; sacral foramina opening into canal for spinal nerves to pass out; auricular surfaces art w/ 2 pelvic bones
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coccyx
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"tail bone"; made of 4 fused vert; art w/ inferior part of sacrum; no canal, foramina, or spinal nerves; fxn->site of muscle attchmt
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intervetebral foramina
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appear only in articulating vertebrae; pedicles have 2 notches (upper/lower, inf/sup); allows spinal nerves to exit vertebral canal
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intervertebral discs
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made of fibrocartilage; found b/w bodies of adj vert
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fxn intervert discs
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"shock absorbers" of direct forces up and down vertebral column
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2 morphologies of intervert discs
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1)nucleus pulposis-gel like @ center of disc 2)annulus fibrosis- collagen fibers; runs around nuc pulp
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slipped/herniated disc
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when 1)annulus fib damaged 2)nuc pulp displaced 3)pressure on spinal cord/nerve; great frequency w/ lumbar region; "sciatica" is pressure on sciatic nerve causing constant pain down leg
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intervertebal elastic ligaments
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ligamentum flavum; located in vertebral canal; interconnect laminae to ea other in vertical sense up/dwn vert column; made of elastic conn tiss
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fxn intervert elastic lig
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allow for slight mvmt of vertebrae b/w ea other
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vertebral column: curvatures of the spine
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primary curvatures: concave; secondary curvatures: convex
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cervical curvature
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secondary curv-toward anterior plane; dev's after birth; found @ head & neck muscles
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thoracic curvature
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primary curv-away from anterior plane; present @ birth & stays thruout life
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lumbar curvature
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secondary curv; dev after birth as child begins to walk; located @ leg muscles
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sacral curvature
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primary curvature
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vertebral column: abnormalities
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1)kyphosis 2)scoliosis 3)lordosis 4)spina bifida
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kyphosis
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"hunchback"; exaggerated thoracic curv (primary); due to nerve/muscle damage; can't hold vert column in anatomical position
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral cuv; starts @ younger age; one shoulder & one hip higher than other; no single cause- tends to be genetic/poor posture
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lordosis
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"swayback/hollowback"; exaggerated lumbar curv (convex); related to muscle/nerve damage
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spina bifida (abnormality X related to curv)
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>common in lumbar region, some in cervical region; vertebral column incomplete @ local area
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incomplete:
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absence of spinous processes & associated laminae not fused--spinal cord not protected by bone
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spina bifida: various forms
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1)spina bifida occulata 2)spina bifida cystica
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spina bifida occulata
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not overt/readily apparent; minimal incompleteness; surgery can correct
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spina bifida cystica
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large, apparent fluid-filled sac appears in back region; 1)meningocoele 2)myelomeningocoele
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meningocoele
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only fluid present in spinal cord; nerves remain in normal position; surgical correction
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myelomeningocoele
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fluid filled sac @ lower portion of spinal cord; nerves present in sac; leads to paraplegia
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thoracic cage:
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1)sternum 2)costal cart 3)ribs 4)thoracic vert
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thoracic cage: fxns
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1)protection-organs in thoracic cav (heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, major bv's) 2)support-shoulder girdle (clavicle & scapula) 3)muscle attchmt-assoc w/ breathing mvmts (diaphragm, intercostals) 4)hemopoeisis
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sternum
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"breast bone"; located anteriorly & mid-saggitally; made of: 1)manubrium 2)angle 3)xiphoid process ...also, body
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sternum: manubrium
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most superior; art w/ 1st pair costal cart->1st rib pair
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sternum: angle
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connection b/w manubrium & body; art w/ 2nd pair costal cart->rib pair
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sternum: xiphoid process
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starts as hyaline cart & youth & converted to bone w/ age; attchmt site for some abdominal musc
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clinical aspect of xiphoid proc
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sternal puncture: sternum close to surface of skin; use needle to aquire bm to det blood cell d/o's
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sternum: body
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gladiolus; art w/ 2nd-10th pair ribs
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ribs
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1)head 2)neck 3)tubercle 4)angle 5)body/shaft
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ribs: head
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located posteriorly; art w/ demifacets of thor vert
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ribs: tubercle
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small, rounded protrusion; art w/ costal/transverse facets on thor vert from T1-10
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ribs: angle
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point of greatest curvature
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ribs: body/shaft
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begins @ tubercle; extends anteriorly, curves laterally, cont curving ant to art w/ sternum
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ribs: articulations
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art w/ sternum; 1)true ribs 1-7, ea has costal cart that connects to sternum directly 2)false ribs
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false ribs:
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1)vertebralchondral 8-10; indirect connection to sternum; ea has costal cart connecting to costal cart of 7; 2)vertebral/floating, no art w/ sternum @ all
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ribs: intercostal spacs
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spaces b/w adjacent ribs w/ intercostal muscles found in spaces that move ribs up/dwn rib cage
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thigh
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contains femur; 1)proximal epiphysis 2)diaphysis 3)distal epiphysis
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thigh: proximal epiphysis
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1)head-art w/ acetabulum & site of hemopoeisis 2)neck-constriction b/w head & 2 tubercles 3)greater/lesser trochanters-used for musc attchmt
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thigh: diaphysis
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shaft; linea aspera @ proximal side- line runs length & region where musc attch
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thigh: distal epiphysis
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1)lat/med epicondyles-site of msc attch 2)lat/med condyles-largest portion, art w/ lat/med condyles of tibia
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knee joint
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1)lat/med condyles of femur art w/ 2)lat/med condyles of tibia 3)patella
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patella
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encased in tendon of quadriceps femoris; art w/ femur; provides protxn to knee joint
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leg
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tibia; fibula
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false ribs:
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1)vertebralchondral 8-10; indirect connection to sternum; ea has costal cart connecting to costal cart of 7; 2)vertebral/floating, no art w/ sternum @ all
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leg: tibia
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1)prox epip-head, let/med condyle art w/ femur, tibial tuberosity 2)distal epip-main portion medial malleolus art w/ talus & rest portion art w/ distal fibula
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ribs: intercostal spacs
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spaces b/w adjacent ribs w/ intercostal muscles found in spaces that move ribs up/dwn rib cage
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tibial tuberosity
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connects tibia to patellar ligament; final site of attchmt for quad. femoris
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thigh
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contains femur; 1)proximal epiphysis 2)diaphysis 3)distal epiphysis
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tibia= & fibula=
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medial bone of leg; lateral bone of leg
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thigh: proximal epiphysis
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1)head-art w/ acetabulum & site of hemopoeisis 2)neck-constriction b/w head & 2 tubercles 3)greater/lesser trochanters-used for musc attchmt
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leg: fibula
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1)prox epip-styloid proc for musc attchmt, head art w/ lat condyle of tibia 2)distal epip-modified into lat malleolus art w/ talus; art w/ dist spip of tibia
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thigh: diaphysis
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shaft; linea aspera @ proximal side- line runs length & region where musc attch
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ankle
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tarsal bones-7; 1)talus, "ankle bone", art w/ lat/med malleolus 2)calcaneus, "heel bone", art w/ talus & 1st row tarsals, site of achilles tendon attchmt
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thigh: distal epiphysis
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1)lat/med epicondyles-site of msc attch 2)lat/med condyles-largest portion, art w/ lat/med condyles of tibia
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knee joint
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1)lat/med condyles of femur art w/ 2)lat/med condyles of tibia 3)patella
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patella
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encased in tendon of quadriceps femoris; art w/ femur; provides protxn to knee joint
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false ribs:
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1)vertebralchondral 8-10; indirect connection to sternum; ea has costal cart connecting to costal cart of 7; 2)vertebral/floating, no art w/ sternum @ all
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ribs: intercostal spacs
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spaces b/w adjacent ribs w/ intercostal muscles found in spaces that move ribs up/dwn rib cage
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leg
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tibia; fibula
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thigh
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contains femur; 1)proximal epiphysis 2)diaphysis 3)distal epiphysis
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leg: tibia
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1)prox epip-head, let/med condyle art w/ femur, tibial tuberosity 2)distal epip-main portion medial malleolus art w/ talus & rest portion art w/ distal fibula
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thigh: proximal epiphysis
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1)head-art w/ acetabulum & site of hemopoeisis 2)neck-constriction b/w head & 2 tubercles 3)greater/lesser trochanters-used for musc attchmt
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thigh: diaphysis
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shaft; linea aspera @ proximal side- line runs length & region where musc attch
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tibial tuberosity
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connects tibia to patellar ligament; final site of attchmt for quad. femoris
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tibia= & fibula=
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medial bone of leg; lateral bone of leg
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thigh: distal epiphysis
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1)lat/med epicondyles-site of msc attch 2)lat/med condyles-largest portion, art w/ lat/med condyles of tibia
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leg: fibula
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1)prox epip-styloid proc for musc attchmt, head art w/ lat condyle of tibia 2)distal epip-modified into lat malleolus art w/ talus; art w/ dist spip of tibia
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knee joint
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1)lat/med condyles of femur art w/ 2)lat/med condyles of tibia 3)patella
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ankle
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tarsal bones-7; 1)talus, "ankle bone", art w/ lat/med malleolus 2)calcaneus, "heel bone", art w/ talus & 1st row tarsals, site of achilles tendon attchmt
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patella
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encased in tendon of quadriceps femoris; art w/ femur; provides protxn to knee joint
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leg
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tibia; fibula
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leg: tibia
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1)prox epip-head, let/med condyle art w/ femur, tibial tuberosity 2)distal epip-main portion medial malleolus art w/ talus & rest portion art w/ distal fibula
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tibial tuberosity
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connects tibia to patellar ligament; final site of attchmt for quad. femoris
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tibia= & fibula=
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medial bone of leg; lateral bone of leg
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leg: fibula
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1)prox epip-styloid proc for musc attchmt, head art w/ lat condyle of tibia 2)distal epip-modified into lat malleolus art w/ talus; art w/ dist spip of tibia
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ankle
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tarsal bones-7; 1)talus, "ankle bone", art w/ lat/med malleolus 2)calcaneus, "heel bone", art w/ talus & 1st row tarsals, site of achilles tendon attchmt
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foot
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1)metatarsals 2)phalanges
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foot: metatarsals
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5; "sole of the foot", art w/ distal/2nd row tarsals & prox phalanges
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foot: phalanges
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1)big toe, prox/dist portions 2)small toes, prox/middle/distal portions; number I-V big->small
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Arches of foot: type
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1)medial longitudinal arch 2)lateral longitudinal arch 3)transverse arch
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medial longitudinal arch
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start @ calcaneus, moves forward, lies under 1-3 metatarsals
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lateral longitudinal arch
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starts @ calcaneus, moves forward, lies under 4-5 metataarsals
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transverse arch
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lateral, L->R; lies under distal row of tarsals
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arches of foot: maintenance
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1)tight ligaments connecting bones maintain arches 2)muscle tone exerts tension on bones of foot & this slight contrxn holds arch in place
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arches of foot: fxns
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1)spread body weight over entire expanse of foot bones when standing 2)provide "spring" to foot when walk/run; assist mobility
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Joints/Articulations
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where 2/> bones connect to one another, including the connecting tissues; 1)synarthroses 2)ampiarthroses 3)diarthroses 4)Bursae
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Joints/Articulations: Synarthroses
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immoveable joints; no cavity b/w bones @ joint; 1)sutures 2)syndesmoses 3)gomphosis
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synarthroses: sutures
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found in skull& pelvic bones; bones fused together thru dev; early on, short collagen fibers cross suture->replaced w/ bone in time
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synarthroses: syndesmoses
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bone articulations in leg (dist tibia/fibula); allows for very slight mvmt b/w bones
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synarthroses: gomphosis
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root of tooth connected to tooth socket in mandible/maxilla by collagen fibers
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Joints/Articulations: Ampiarthroses
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allows for slight mvmt; no cavity space b/w bones @ joint; 1)synchondroses 2)symphyses
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foot
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1)metatarsals 2)phalanges
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foot: metatarsals
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5; "sole of the foot", art w/ distal/2nd row tarsals & prox phalanges
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foot: phalanges
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1)big toe, prox/dist portions 2)small toes, prox/middle/distal portions; number I-V big->small
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Arches of foot: type
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1)medial longitudinal arch 2)lateral longitudinal arch 3)transverse arch
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medial longitudinal arch
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start @ calcaneus, moves forward, lies under 1-3 metatarsals
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lateral longitudinal arch
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starts @ calcaneus, moves forward, lies under 4-5 metataarsals
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transverse arch
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lateral, L->R; lies under distal row of tarsals
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arches of foot: maintenance
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1)tight ligaments connecting bones maintain arches 2)muscle tone exerts tension on bones of foot & this slight contrxn holds arch in place
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arches of foot: fxns
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1)spread body weight over entire expanse of foot bones when standing 2)provide "spring" to foot when walk/run; assist mobility
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Joints/Articulations
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where 2/> bones connect to one another, including the connecting tissues; 1)synarthroses 2)ampiarthroses 3)diarthroses 4)Bursae
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Joints/Articulations: Synarthroses
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immoveable joints; no cavity b/w bones @ joint; 1)sutures 2)syndesmoses 3)gomphosis
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synarthroses: sutures
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found in skull& pelvic bones; bones fused together thru dev; early on, short collagen fibers cross suture->replaced w/ bone in time
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synarthroses: syndesmoses
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bone articulations in leg (dist tibia/fibula); allows for very slight mvmt b/w bones
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synarthroses: gomphosis
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root of tooth connected to tooth socket in mandible/maxilla by collagen fibers
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Joints/Articulations: Ampiarthroses
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allows for slight mvmt; no cavity space b/w bones @ joint; 1)synchondroses 2)symphyses
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Ampiarthroses: Synchondroses
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presence of hyaline cart @ joint; 1)epiphyseal plate of long bones made of temorary cart (becomes bone w/ growth) 2)costal cart of rib cage made of permanent cart
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Ampiarthroses: Symphyses
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fibrocart present @ joint; alwys permanent; 1)pubic symphysis 2)intervertebral discs
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Joints/Articulations: Diarthroses
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freely moveable joints; joint cavity present
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Diarthroses: locations
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mostly arms & legs
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Diarthroses: structure
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1)articular capsule/joint capsule 2)articular cavity/joint cavity
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articular capsule
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found outside around joint; made of 2 layers tissue: 1)outer layer-WFCT & some elastic fibers; blends w/ periosteum of surrounding bones 2)inner layer- synovial memb
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synovial membrane
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thin layer of areolar & adipose tissue
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articular cavity
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space b/w atriculating bones; filled w/ synovial fluid secreted from synovial memb
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synovial fluid
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high conc of hyaluronic acid to lubricate articulating surfaces of bones & reduce friction @ joints
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Diarthroses: Arthritis
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inflammation of synovial memb; 1)osteoarthritis 2)rheumatoid arthritis
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osteoarthritis
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afflicts elderly; "wear & tear" over time @ joints causing art cart to break down & synovial memb inflammed; bone on bone contact; bone spurs arise
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rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disease-immune sys makes antibodies a/g synovial memb->memb inflammed->inc amts synovial fluid prod->swelling->pressure->pain
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Joints/Articulations: Bursae
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closed, fluid-filled sacs b/w skin/bone, musc/bone, lig/bone, tendons/bone
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Bursae:structure
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1)walls present in 2 layers (outer-WFCT, inner-synovial fluid) 2)space inside filled w/ synovial fluid
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Bursae: Fxn
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decrease friction b/w structures where ever located
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Bursae: examples
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1)prepatellar bursa-located b/w subcutaneous tiss in patella 2)subacromial bursa- located b/w acromion & shoulder girdle
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Bursae: Bursitis
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inflammation of synovial membrane w/in a bursa->prod fluid inc->swelling->pressure->pain
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