Anatomy Endocrine

Front 1

What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

Back 1

Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts

Endocrine glands secrete products into interstitial fluid

Front 2

Which regulatory system is designed for speed? Duration?

Back 2

Nervous system is for speed

Hormones (endocrine) is for duration

Front 3

Define the term hormone.

Back 3

Regulating molecule

Front 4

Why do hormones cause a response in some cells but not others?

Back 4

Because hormones only attach to certain protein receptors on the target cells they are intended to attach to.

Front 5

What is the purpose of down regulation or up regulation of hormone receptors? Why does it occur?

Back 5

Allows adjustment to fluctuating levels of hormones to increase/decrease sensitivity

If hormones are in excess, receptors decrease (downregulation)

If hormones deficient, receptors increase (upregulation)

Front 6

Acidophils

%

color

secretory?

Back 6

Make up 40% of anterior pituitary cells

stain red

contain secretory granules

Front 7

Basophils (in anterior pituitary)

-3 specific examples

-%

-Color

-Secretory?

Back 7

Thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs

10% of cells in anterior pituitary

Stain blue

Contain secretory granules

Front 8

Chromophobes

Back 8

50% of anterior pituitary cells

Do not stain

Few to no secretory granules

Most likely basophils or acidophils that have already expended secretions

Front 9

What are the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus? How do they alter anteriorpituitary secretion?

Back 9

Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

They stimulate or inhibit release of hormones in the anterior pituitary gland

They are synthesized and released by neurosecretory cells and go directly to the anterior pituitary gland through portal system.

Front 10

What are the 5 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Back 10

Human Growth Hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Prolactin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Front 11

Human growth hormone

secreted by

target organ

effect

Back 11

secreted by somatotrophs

Target organ: Many different tissues

Effect: Secretion of insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) that stimulate growth

Front 12

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

secreted by

target organ

effect

Back 12

secreted by thyrotophs

target organ: thyroid gland

effect: secretion of thyroid gland

Front 13

Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone

secreted by

target organ

effect

Back 13

secreted by gonadotrophs

target organ: gonads

effect:

FSH: initiation development of oocytes, induces ovarian secretion of estrogens, sperm

LH:secretion of estrogens and progesterone, maturation of oocytes and stimulate testosterone

Front 14

Prolactin

secreted by

target organ

effect

Back 14

secreted by lactotrophs

target organ: mammary glands

effect: milk production

Front 15

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

secreted by

target organ

effect

Back 15

secreted by corticotrophs

target organ: adrenal cortex

effect: secretion of glucocorticoids

Front 16

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

secreted by some..

Back 16

corticotrophs

Front 17

What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Back 17

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 18

Does the posterior pituitary synthesize hormones?

Back 18

No

but it does store and release them

The neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus manufacture the hormones

Front 19

Oxytocin

What stimulates its release?

Target organs?

Effect?

Back 19

Stretching of cervix and breast feeding stimulates its release

Target: uterus and breast

Effect: enhances smooth muscle contraction in uterus

Front 20

Antidiuretic hormone

Other name

Target organ

Effect

Back 20

Vasopressin

Kidneys (and arterioles)

Causes kidneys to return water to circulation, also vasocontriction

Front 21

What hormones are secreted from the thyroid gland?

Back 21

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Calcitonin

Front 22

What hormones are secreted by the follicle cells in a thyroid follicle?

What do these hormones do?

Back 22

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Regulate oxygen use and basal metabolic rate

Regulate cellular metabolism

Regulate growth and development

Front 23

What cell in the thyroid gland produces calcitonin? What does this hormone do?

Back 23

C cells (parafollicular cells)

Regulate calcium homeostasis

Front 24

What hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland? Which cells specifically produce this hormone?

Back 24

Chief cells produce parathyroid hormone

Decreases hydrogen phosphate HPO4 levels

Increases calcium and magnesium levels

Antagonistic against calcitonin

Promotes formation of calcitriol in kidneys (vitamin D)

Front 25

What is the other cell type in the parathyroid besides chief cells?

Back 25

oxyphil cells

Function unknown

Front 26

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? Hyperthyroidism?

Back 26

Hypothyroidism: Myxedema (swollen tissues) Cold, fat and lethargic

Hyperthyroidism: Goiter (big thyroid gland), exophthalmos (bulging eyes)

Front 27

Graves Disease can cause

Back 27

hyperthyroidism

Front 28

Myxedema is associated with what condition?

Back 28

Hypothyroidism

Front 29

What hormones are secreted from the pancreas? Give cell that produces it as well.

Back 29

Glucagon (Alpha Cells)

Insulin (Beta Cells)

Somatostatin (Delta Cells)

Pancreatic polypeptide (F Cells)

Front 30

Effect of glucagon

target organ

Back 30

Raises blood glucose levels by

-breaking down glucose

-gluconeogenesis (converting nutrients into glucose)

-releasing glucose into blood

Target organ: Liver

Front 31

Effect of insulin

Back 31

Lowers blood glucose levels by

-transporting glucose into cells

-converting glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)

-decreasing glycogenolysis (break down of glucagon) and gluconeogenesis

-increases lipogenesis and protein synthesis

Front 32

Effect of somatostatin

Back 32

Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients in GI tract

Front 33

Effect of Pancreatic polypeptide

Back 33

Inhibits

-Somatostatin secretion

-Gallbladder contraction

-Secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

Front 34

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 34

-Inability to produce or use insulin

-High blood sugar levels

-Causes polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia (excessive urination, excessive thirst and excessive eating in order)

They're pissing all the time because they have a lot of sugar in their blood (and therefore urine)

They're thristy because they're pissing all the time

They're hungry because the glucose is in their blood NOT the cells so cells are starving

Front 35

What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 35

Type I: Insulin dependent (little to no production of insulin). Beta cell have been destroyed.

Type II: Non-Insulin Dependent. Cells have become less sensitive to insulin. Pt still has insulin. Adult onset, controlled by diet/exercise

Front 36

What are the health risks for Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 36

Ketoacidosis (fat used instead of glucose for energy causing acidosis). Can lead to coma or death

Weight loss

Atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular issues

Loss of vision

Kidney damage

Front 37

Diabetes Insipidus

Back 37

Caused by lack of ADH or inability of kidneys to respond to it

Also causes excessive urination and thirst but NOT related to glucose levels

Front 38

Give the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Back 38

Mineralocorticoids (eg Aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Androgens

Front 39

Aldosterone

Type of hormone

Effect

Cells that produce them

Back 39

mineralocorticoid

Increases blood sodium levels and water, decreases potassium levels

Zona Glomerulosa cells

Front 40

Cortisol

Type of hormone

Effect

Cells that produce them

Back 40

glucocorticoid

Increases protein breakdown

Gluconeogenesis

Lipolysis

Resistance to stress

Decreases inflammation

Depresses immune response

Zona fasciculata cells

Front 41

Androgens

Function

Cells that produce them

Back 41

Growth of sex traits

libido and estrogens after menopause in women

Zona Reticularis Cells

Front 42

What are the hormones of the adrenal medulla?

Back 42

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Front 43

Functions of epinephrine and norepinephrine

What cells produce them?

Back 43

Sympathomimetic

Resist stress

Produced by Chromaffin Cells

Front 44

Name the ovarian hormones

Back 44

Estrogens

Progesterone

Relaxin

Inhibin

Front 45

Functions of Estrogens and Progesterone

Back 45

With gonadotropic hormones from anterior pituitary...

Regulate female reproductive cycle

Maintain pregnancy

Prepare mammary glands for lactation

Promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

Front 46

Functions of Relaxin

Back 46

Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy

dilates cervix

Front 47

Functions of Inhibin

Back 47

Inhibits secretion of FSH

Front 48

Name the testicular hormones

Back 48

Testosterone

Inhibin

Front 49

Functions of testosterone

Back 49

Stimulates descent of testes

Regulates production of sperm

Promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

Front 50

Functions of inhibin

Back 50

Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary