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137 Cards in this Set

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Anatomy

The scientific study of the body's structures

"Some of these ________ are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope."

Gross Anatomy

The study of large structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification

"Macro- means "large," this gross anatomy is also referred to as ________"

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices

This includes cytology the study of cells and histology the study of tissues

Regional Anatomy

The study of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen

Systemic Anatomy

The study of the structures that make up a discreet body system that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body

Physiology

The scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

Homeostasis

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

Cell

The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism

Organelles

A variety of tiny functioning units within the cytoplasm of a cell

Organ

An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body

Organism

A living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life

Anabolism

The process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances

Metabolism

The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - it can only change form

Catabolism

The process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules

Adenosine Triphophate (ATP)

The high energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy

Development

All of the changes the body goes through in life

Differentiation

A process of development in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body

Growth

The increase in body size

Reproduction

The formation of a new organism from parent organisms

Nutrient

A substance in food and beverages that is essential to human survival

The Three Basic Classes of Nutrients

Water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)

Pressure

A force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance

Set Point

The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates [this is in regards to homeostasis]

Normal Range

The restricted set of values that is optimally healthy and stable [this is in regards to homeostasis]

Negative Feedback

A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point. Therefore, negative feedback maintains body parameters within their normal range

Sensor

Also referred to as a receptor, is the component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value. This value is reported to the control center. This is a part of the negative feedback system

Control Center

The component in the feedback system that compares the value to the normal range. This is a part of the negative feedback system

Effector

The component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range. This is a part of the negative feedback system

Positive Feedback

Intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it. Normal childbirth is driven by a positive feedback loop. A positive feedback loop results in a change in the body status, rather than a return to homeostasis

Anatomical Position

It is where the body is standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width sand parallel, and toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to the side, and the palms of the hands face forward

Frons

Forehead (frontal)

Cranium

Skull (cranial)

Oculus

Eye (orbital or ocular)

Bucca

Cheek (buccal)

Auris

Ear (otic)

Nasus

Nose (nasal)

Cervicis

Neck (cervical)

Oris

Mouth (oral)

Thorcis/Thorax

Chest (thoracic)

Mentis

Chin (mental)

Axilla

Armpit (axillary)

Mamma

Breast (mammary)

Abdomen

Stomach region (abdominal)

Umbilicus

Navel (umbilical)

Brachium

Arm (brachial)

Antecubitis

Front of elbow (antecubital)

Antebrachium

Forearm (antebrachial)

Carpus

Wrist (carpal)

Hip

Hip (coxal)

Pollex

Thumb

Pelvis

Pelvis (pelvic)

Inguen

Groin (inguinal)

Palma

Palm (palmar)

Digits/Phalanges

Fingers (digital or phalangeal)

Pubis

Pubis (pubic)

Patella

Kneecap (patellar)

Femur

Thigh (femoral)

Crus

Legs (crural)

Tarsus

Ankle (tarsal)

Digits/Phalanges

Toes (digital or phalangeal)

Pes

Foot (pedal)

Anterior

Front(al)

Posterior

Back

Shoulder

Shoulder (acromial)

Cephalon

Head (cephalic)

Dosum

Back (dorsal)

Cervicis

Neck (cervical)

Brachium

Arm (brachial)

Olecranon

Back of elbow (olecranal)

Manus

Hand (manual)

Gluteus

Buttock (gluteal)

Femur

Thigh (femoral)

Popliteus

Back of knee (popliteal)

Sura

Calf (sural)

Calcaneus

Heel (calcacaneal)

Planta

Sole of foot (plantar)

Prone

A face down orientation

Supine

A face up orientation

Anterior/Ventral

The front or direction towards the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot

Posterior/Dorsal

The back or direction towards the back of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella

Superior/Cranial

A position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris

Inferior/Caudal

A position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or the lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen

Lateral

Beside or direction towards the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is lateral to the digits

Medial

The middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the medial toe

Proximal

A position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium

Distal

A position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur

Superficial

A position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones

Deep

A position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull

Section

A two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut

Plane

An imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine

Sagittal Plane

The plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called a midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal section

Frontal Plane

The plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior portion and a posterior portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane

Transverse Plane

The plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections

Dorsal Cavity

One of the two largest body compartments; contains cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Ventral Cavity

One of the two largest body cavities; contains the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic cavity (which contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity)

Cranial Cavity

Houses the brain

Spinal Cavitt

Encloses the spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

Encloses the rib cage, and contains the heart and lungs, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm of the thoracic cavity separates it from the inferior abdominopelvic cavity

Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity

The largest cavity in the body. The abdominal contains the digestive organs, and the pelvic cavity, is the division that houses the organs of reproduction

How many abdominal regions are there?

9

What are the names of the abdominal regions?

Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region

How many abdominal quadrants are there in the peritoneal cavity?

4

What are the names of the abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal cavity?

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Serous Membrane AKA Serosa

One of the thin membranes that covers the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Visceral Layer (Viscera)

The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs

Parietal Layers

The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity

Pleura

The serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity

Pericardium

The serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity

Peritoneum

The serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

X-Ray

A form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases

Computed Tomography (CT)

A non-invasive Imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A non-invasive Medical Imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to admit radio signals

Positron Emission Tomography

A medical imaging technique involving the use of so-called radiopharmaceuticals, substances that emit radiation that is short-lived and therefore relatively safe to administer to the body

Ultrasonography

An imaging technique that uses the transmission of high frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology

Renewal

Process by which worn-out cells are replaced

Responsiveness

Ability of an organism or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

What is the purpose of the integumentary system?

It encloses internal body structures. It is the site of many sensory receptors. This system includes hair, skin, and nails

What is the purpose of the skeletal system?

It's supports the body. It enables movement with help from the muscular system. The system includes cartilage, bones, and joints

What is the purpose of the muscular system?

It enables movement was help from the skeletal system and it helps maintain body temperature. The muscular system includes skeletal muscles and tendons

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

It detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses. The nervous system contains the brain spinal cord and peripheral nerves

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

It secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes. The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the pancreas, the adrenal glands, the testes, and the ovaries

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

It delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and an equalizes temperature in the body. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

It returns fluid to the blood and defense against pathogens. The lymphatic system includes the thymus, the lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic vessels

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

It removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood. The respiratory system includes the nasal passage, the trachea, and the lungs

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

The process is food for used by the body and removes wastes from undigested food. The digestive system includes the stomach, the liver, the gallbladder, the large intestine, and the small intestine

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

It controls water balance in the body and removes waste from blood and excretes them. The urinary system includes the kidneys and the urinary bladder

What is the purpose of the male reproductive system?

I produces sex hormones and gametes and delivers gametes to females. The male reproductive system includes the epididymis and the testes

What is the purpose of the female reproductive system?

It produces sex hormones and gametes, supports embryos and fetuses until birth, and produces milk for infants. The female reproductive system includes the mammary glands, the ovaries, and the uterus

What is the body's largest organ system?

The integumentary system

Atmospheric air is only _____% oxygen...

20

Brain damage is likely within ____ minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within _____...

5, 10

What is the most critical nutrient?

Water

Water is the largest component of cells, blood, and the between cells, and water makes up _____% of all adult's bodies....

70

When body temperature rises well above or drops well below normal, certain proteins enzymes that facilitate chemical reactions lose their normal structure and their ability to function and the chemical reactions of metabolism cannot proceed. Chemical reaction can only take place within a narrow range of body temperature, from just below to just above ______°F...

98.6(°F)

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure exerted by the mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, in the Earth's atmosphere