Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Parts of the cell
|
1.The plasma membrane
2.The cytoplasm 3.The nucleus |
|
PLASMA MEMBRANE
|
selective permeable membrane that allows certain substances to get into and out of the cell.
Composed of: Phospholipids,Proteins(Peripheral-transporters, Integral-act as enzymes),Carbohydrates, Cholesterol |
|
Two types of movement that takes place within cells
|
PASSIVE MOVEMENT-molecules pass through the plasma membrane from area of higher concentration to lower without use of ATP.
ACTIVE MOVEMENT-when substances move across a selectively permeable membrane from a area of higher to lower concentration with the use of ATP. |
|
Passive Movement includes:
|
1.Diffusion-random movement of molecules high to low
2.Facilitated Diffusion-carrier proteins combine temp to molecules allow them to pass through membrane via protein channels 3.Osmosis-when water passes through a selectively permeable from high to low water level. 4.Filtration-process that forces small particles dissolved in a solution to cross semiperm membrane with help of hydorstatic pressure. 5.Dialysis-Exchange of solutions between two solutions seperated by a semiperm membrane. |
|
Active Movement includes:
|
1.Active Transport-uses energy from breakdown of ATP to move substances across a semipermeable membrane against a concentration gradient.
2.Exocytosis-fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, followed by their expulsion from the cell. 3.Endocytosis-process which particles are engulfed by cytoplasm extensions, forming membrane bound vesicles within the cytoplasm |
|
Three types of Endocytosis
|
1.Pinocytosis-"cell drinking", plasma membrane invaginates and encloses small amounts of fluid, releasing them into the cytoplasm.
2.Receptor-mediated endocytosis-when extracellular large molecules bind specific receptors on plasma membrane. 3.Phagocytosis-"cell eating", ability of the plasma membrane to engulf large particles and digest them. |
|
THE CYTOPLASM
|
Portion of the cell located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Consists of and aqueoud phase and a particular phase.
|
|
Phases in cytoplasm
|
Aqueous-"fluid phase", consists of CYTOSOL
Particular-consists of organelles and inclusions. |
|
Organelles
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum-network of tubes the channels flow of substances around the cytoplasm.
Smooth/Rough ER-SMOOTH:free of ribosomes,site of steroid synthesis. ER ROUGH-covered in ribosomes, assists in protein synthesis. Ribosomes-sites of protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus-flattened sacs that store and package secretory proteins. Lysosomes-organelles that contain digestive enzymes "suicide bags" Peroxisomes-involved in formation of hydrogen peroxide. Mitochondria- have folds called "cristae, are called the "powerhouses" due to ATP production. ATP-main supplier for most biological activities in the cell. Cytoskeleton-supportive framwork. Centrioles-assist in cell division by forming mitotic spindle system. Cilia-involved in transport of materials along the cell surface. Flagellum-appendage which protudes from the cell and allow its propulsion. Secretory Vesicles-contains products of secretion such as protein. |
|
Cytoplasim Inclusions
|
1.Lipid droplets-storage for energy
2.Glycogen-principal storage form of carbs 3.Zymogen granules- secretory products rich in inactive enzyme. 4.Melanin pigement- most abundant skin pigment 5.Hemosiderin-yellowish brown pigment from degradation of hemoglobin. |
|
THE NUCLEUS
|
Site where gentic material is stored. Consists of three componenets: Nuclear membrane, Chromatin, Nucleolus.
|
|
Nuclear Components
|
1.Nuclear Membrane-seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
2.Chromatin=fiborous strands containing DNA and proteins. 3.Nucleolus-where RNA is sythesized. |
|
Nuclear Membrane
|
Seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
|
|
Chromatin
|
Made up of DNA and proteins.
|
|
Nucleolus
|
Dense mass where RNA is synthesized
|
|
The Cell Cycle
|
Period between beginning of one cell division and the beginning of the the next cell division. Two types of cell division: Somatic and Sex cells.
|
|
Somatic Cell Division
|
includes:Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Interphase-Active period of cell activity duting which DNA in the nucleus doubles. Cytokinesis-Division of the cytoplasm into two distinct cells. Mitosis-Process where two diploid cells result from the division of a parent diploid. Divided into four stages:PROPHASE,ANAPHASE,TELOPHASE,METAPHASE. |
|
Protein Synthesis
|
Two major steps:Transcription and Translation
|
|
Transcription
|
process where one strand of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a messenger RNA.
|
|
Codon
|
A set of three consecutive nucleotides or triplet on mRNA
|
|
Translation
|
The formation of a polypeptide under the control of mRNA. Broken down into three stages:Initiation, Elongation,Termination
|
|
Anticodon
|
A triplet of nucleotides found on transfer RNA(tRNA). It is complimentary to the codon.
|
|
Initiation
|
Always begins with anticodon "UAC", binds to the codon "AUG" of mRNA and begins protein synthesis
|
|
Elongation
|
Results from the formation of peptide bonds between different amino acids carried by different tRNA's
|
|
Termination
|
Addition of the amino acids to the polypeptide ends when one of the three codons reaches the ribosomes
|
|
Tissues
|
A group or cluster of cells with a common function.
Histology-the study of cells |
|
Classification of Tissues
|
1.Epithelial Tissue
2.Connective Tissue 3.Muscle Tissue 4.Nervous Tissue |
|
Epithelial Tissue
|
Cover the body(epidermis).Composes the secreting parts of endrocine and exocrine glands.
ENDROCINE-secretes hormones into bloodstream,no ducts. EXOCRINE-secrete into their ducts Is used in protection,filtration,absorption.Contains a basement membrane used to determine if the epithelium is SIMPLE or STRATIFIED. Comes in four shapes:SQUAMOUS,CUBOIDAL,COLUMNAR,TRANSITIONAL. |
|
Simple and Stratified epithelium tissue
|
Simple-one layer of cells attached to basement membrane.
Stratified-more than one layer of cells with the bottom layer attached to the basement membrane. |
|
Epithelial shapes
|
Squamous-flat-like
Cuboidal-cube-shaped Columnar-tall,looklike columns Transitional-hotair ballons |
|
Connective Tissue
|
Found in all parts of the body,connects epithelium tissue to other parts of the body, most abundant tissue in body.
Is used in protection, support.Has two components:Ground substance and Fibers. Types of connective tissue:Embryonic,Areolar,Bone,Blood. |
|
Muscle Tissue
|
Highly specialized to contract(shorten) in order to produce movement of some body parts. Has three types of muscles: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
|
|
Types of muscles
|
SKELETAL-The "meat" of the body;attached to the skeleton.It is voluntarily controlled.
CARDIAC-Found only in the heart,is uninucleated,is involuntary. SMOOTH-Smallest muscle cell,also has uninucleated cells,involuntary, found in the walls of hollow organs. |
|
Nervous Tissue
|
Composed of two major cell populations: Neuroglia and Neurons.
|
|
Neuroglia
|
Special supporting cells that protect,support,and insulate the more delicate nuerons.
|
|
Neurons
|
Highly specialized to receive stimuli, and to conduct waves of excitation. They are the cells most associated with nervous system functions.
|
|
Body Membranes
|
Fall into two major categories: Epithelial and Synovial
|
|
Epithelial Membranes
|
CUTANEOUS-The skin
MUCOUS-Composed of epithelial cells resting on a layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria. SEROUS-Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium on a scant amount of loose connective tissue. |
|
Synovial Membranes
|
Composed of connective tissues, lines the cavaties surrounding the joints.
|
|
Transmembrane Potential
|
Outside the cell is slightly positively charged and the inside is slightly negatively charged, phospholipid membrane keep them apart creating a potential difference.
|
|
Resting Potential
|
Transmembrane potential of an undisturbed cell.
|
|
Triplets
|
Triplets formed on Messenger RNA(mRNA),called a codon.
Triplets formed on Transfer RNA (tRNA), called a anticodon. |
|
Functions of the Integumentary System
|
1.Insulates and cushions the underlying tissues.
2.Protects body 3.Acts as excretory system 4.Site for assemblage of vitamin D 5.Large sensory organ |
|
Components of the Cytoskeleton
|
1.Microtubules
2.Microfilaments 3.Intermediate Filaments |
|
Appendages of the skin
|
Hair,Nails,and cutaneous glands
|
|
Transitional Epithelium
|
Lines urinary bladder,only epithelial tissue that can stretch without being damaged.
|