Anatomy Chapter 2 -- 2.5 Part 1

Front 1

What are the important categories of organic compounds?

Back 1

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 2

What properties of carbon make it useful to living organisms?

Back 2

-can form bonds with one to thousands of other carbon atoms to produce large molecules that can have many different shapes

-the large size of most carbon-containing molecules and the fact that some don't dissolve easily in water make them useful materials for building body structures

Front 3

What usually holds together organic compounds?

Back 3

covalent bonds

Front 4

Chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

Back 4

-called the carbon skeleton

-many of the carbons are bonded to hydrogren atoms, yielding a hydrocarbon

Front 5

What else is attached to the carbon skeleton?

Back 5

distinctive functional groups

-other atoms or molecules bound to the hydrocarbon skeleton

Front 6

Each type of functional group...

Back 6

has a specific arrangement of atoms that confers characteristic chemical properties on the organic molecule attached to it

Front 7

Small organic molecules can combine into very large molecules that are called ___________

Back 7

macromolecules

Front 8

Macromolecules are usually polymers. What is a polymer?

Back 8

a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules called monomers

Front 9

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 9

-joins two monomers

-a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the other to form a molecule of water

Front 10

What are some macromolecules that are assembled in cells via dehydration synthesis reactions?

Back 10

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 11

Isomers

Back 11

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

Front 12

Carbohydrates

Back 12

-include sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose

-represent only 2-3% of total body mass

-function mainly as a source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions in humans and animals

Front 13

Elements found in carbohydrates

Back 13

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 14

Why are they called carbohydrates?

Back 14

they generally contain one water molecule for each carbon atom

Front 15

Three major groups of carbohydrates

Back 15

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Front 16

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are known as ___________

Back 16

simple sugars

Front 17

Monosaccharides

Back 17

-the monomers of carbohydrates

-contain from 3-7 carbon atoms

-designated by names ending in "-ose" with a prefix that indicates the number of carbon atoms

Front 18

Disaccharides

Back 18

-a molecule formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

-can be split into smaller, simpler molecules by hydrolysis

Front 19

Polysaccharides

Back 19

-each molecule contains tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis reactions

-usually insoluble in water

Front 20

Glycogen

Back 20

-main polysaccharide

-made entirely of glucose monomers linked to one another in branching chains

-a limited amount of carbs is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles

Front 21

Starches

Back 21

-polysaccharides formed from glucose by plants

-found in food such as pasta and potatoes

Front 22

Cellulose

Back 22

a polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that cannot be digested by humans but does provide bulk to help eliminate feces