Anatomy Chapter 16

Front 1

Sensory Receptor

Back 1

a structure that specialized to detect a stimulus, ex. simple- nerve ending, ex. complex- sense organ

Front 2

What are the general properties of receptors?

Back 2

1. transduction
2. receptor potential
3. sensation

Front 3

transduction

Back 3

the conversion of one form of energy to another
stimulus energy into nerve signals

Front 4

receptor potential

Back 4

small, local electrical change on a receptor cell brought about by an initial stimulus- releases neurotransmitter in response to stimulus

Front 5

sensation

Back 5

a subjective awareness of the stimulus

Front 6

Sensory receptors transmit 4 kinds of info

Back 6

modality
location
intersity
duration

Front 7

modality

Back 7

type of stimulus or sensation it produce ( all action potentials for vision, hearing and ect. are identical)

Front 8

location

Back 8

encoded by which nerve fibers are issuing signals to the brain

Front 9

receptive field

Back 9

area that detects stimuli for a neuron sensory

Front 10

intensity

Back 10

encoded in 3 ways- which fibers, how many and how fast
ex. pain is mild or excruciating

Front 11

duration

Back 11

how long the stimulus lasts

Front 12

sensory adaptation

Back 12

if stimulus is prolonged the firing of the neuron gets slower over time and we become less aware of the stimulus

Front 13

phasic receptor

Back 13

generate a burst of action potential when 1st stimulated then quickly adapt and sharply reduce or stop signaling even if the stimulus continues

Front 14

tonic receptor

Back 14

adapt more slowly and generate never signals more steadily ex. body position, muscle tension and joint motion

Front 15

general senses

Back 15

structurally simple receptors- one or a few sensory fibers and a little connective tissue, very few fibers

Front 16

unencapsulated nerve endings

Back 16

dendrites not wrapped in connective tissue including free nerve endings, tactile disces, and hair receptors

Front 17

free nerve endings

Back 17

respond to falling and rising of tempeture and for pain located in skin and mucous membranes

Front 18

tactile discs

Back 18

tonic receptors for light touch through sense of textures, edges and shapes and located on basal layer of the epidermis

Front 19

hair receptors

Back 19

monitor movement of hairs and located on base of hair follicle

Front 20

encapsulated nerve endings

Back 20

nerve fibers that are wrapped in glial cells or connective tissues and enhances sensitivity or makes it more select

Front 21

tactile corpuscles

Back 21

are phasic receptors for light touch and texture

Front 22

Krause end bulb

Back 22

are ovoid bodies composed of a connective tissue sheath around a sensory nerve fiber and tactile in mucous membrane

Front 23

lamellated Pacinian corpuscles

Back 23

phasic receptors for deep pressue, stretch, tickle and vibration

Front 24

bulbous ruffini corpuscles

Back 24

tonic receptors for heavy touch, pressure, stretching of the skin and joint movement

Front 25

pain

Back 25

disconfort caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation and typically leading to evasive actions

Front 26

nociceptors

Back 26

two types providing different pain receptors- occur in the meminges of the brain and play an important role of headaches

Front 27

fast pain

Back 27

travels in myelinated fibers at 12- 30
sharp locaized stabbing pain

Front 28

bradykinin

Back 28

most potent pain stimulus known- hurts intensely when injected under the skin- ex. histamin, prostaglandin, and serotonin

Front 29

slow pain

Back 29

travels unmyelinated fibers- long lasting, dull and diffuse feeling

Front 30

referred pain

Back 30

pain in the viscera mistakenly thought to come from skin- convergence of neural pathways in the cns

Front 31

gustation

Back 31

sensation that results from the action of the chemicals on the taste buds

Front 32

4 types of lingual papillae

Back 32

filiform papilla
fungiform
vallate
foliate

Front 33

filiform papillae

Back 33

tiny spikes without taste buds
- important for texture and grooming

Front 34

foliate papillae

Back 34

form parallel ridges on sides of the tongue- weak in humans and no tast buds

Front 35

fungiform

Back 35

shaped like mushrooms 3 taste buds and mainly shaped on the apex at tips of tongue

Front 36

vallate

Back 36

large papilla arranged in a V at the rear of the tongue- many contain half the taste buds

Front 37

taste cells

Back 37

more or less banana shaped and have a tuft of apical microvilli

Front 38

taste hairs

Back 38

are surface receptors for taste molecules

Front 39

taste pores

Back 39

a pit on epithelial surfact on the tongue that synapse and release neurotransmitters onto sensory neurons

Front 40

basal cells

Back 40

stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died

Front 41

Physiology of taste (5)

Back 41

salty
sweet
sour
bitter
umami

Front 42

salty

Back 42

produced by metal ions

Front 43

sweet

Back 43

produced by organic compounds and associated with carbohydrates

Front 44

sour

Back 44

associated with acids

Front 45

bitter

Back 45

associated with spoiled foods and alkaloids

Front 46

umami

Back 46

meaty taste produced by amino acids

Front 47

olfaction

Back 47

the receptors for sense of smell

Front 48

olfactory mucosa

Back 48

the roof of the nasal cavity the receptor cells

Front 49

olfactory cells

Back 49

10 to 20 million and in rest of nasal cavity

Front 50

olefactory hairs

Back 50

cilia have biding sites for odor molecules and are immoble

Front 51

hearing

Back 51

a response to vibrating air molecules

Front 52

equilibrium

Back 52

the sense of motion, body orientation and balance

Front 53

sound

Back 53

any audible vibration of molecules

Front 54

pitch

Back 54

our sense of whether a sound is high or low

Front 55

frequency

Back 55

the number of cycles per second (hertz)

Front 56

infrasonic

Back 56

sound below 20 hertz not detected by ears but sense vibration

Front 57

ultrasonic

Back 57

above 20,000 Hz inaudible vibrations

Front 58

ear

Back 58

has 3 sections outer, middle and inner ear- vibration converted into nerve signals

Front 59

outer ear

Back 59

a funnel for conducting vibrations to the tympanic membrane

Front 60

auricle

Back 60

or pinna on the side of the head shaped and supported by elastic cartilage except for the earlobe

Front 61

guard hairs

Back 61

stiff hairs on outer end of canal to protect

Front 62

cerumen

Back 62

earwax! is in the canal
the secretion mixes with dead skin
sticky and coats the guard hairs making more effective in blocking and has lysosomes to inhibit bacteria

Front 63

middle ear

Back 63

located in the air filled tympanic cavity of the temporal bone

Front 64

tympanic membrane

Back 64

closes the inner ear of the auditory canal and seperates it from the middle ear

Front 65

tympanic cavity

Back 65

is continuous with mastoid air cells and contains auditory ossicles

Front 66

malleus

Back 66

the enlongated handle attached to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane

Front 67

incus

Back 67

2nd bone that has a roughly triangle body that articulates with the malleus

Front 68

stapes

Back 68

has an arch and footplate which gives it the stirrup shape

Front 69

auditory tube

Back 69

connects middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

Front 70

cochlea

Back 70

organ of hearing a coiled tube that arises from the anterior side of the vestibule

Front 71

scala vestibuli

Back 71

fluid filled chamber the superior chamber filled with perilymph

Front 72

scala tympani

Back 72

the inferior chamber that communicates with the other channels at the apex of the cochlea

Front 73

scala media

Back 73

the middle chamber (a triangular space) filled with endolymph aka cochlear duct

Front 74

vestibular membrane

Back 74

thin layer that seperates the scala media from the scala vestibuli

Front 75

basilar memberane

Back 75

thicker membrane that seperates scala tympani and scala media

Front 76

organ of corte

Back 76

acoustic organ- converts vibrations into nerve impulses and composed of hair cells and supporting cells

Front 77

equilibrium

Back 77

coordination, balance, and orientation in three dimensional space

Front 78

vestibular apparatus

Back 78

receptors for equilibrium- consists of 3 semicircular ducts and 2 chambers (saccule and posterior utricle)

Front 79

semicircular ducts

Back 79

filled with endolymph, detects acceleration, and stimulated by rotation of the head

Front 80

crista ampullaris

Back 80

consists of hair cells buried in a mound of gelatinous membrane caled the cupula

Front 81

2 chamber of vestibule

Back 81

saccule and utricle and responsible for static equilibrium and linear acceleration

Front 82

macula

Back 82

patch of hair cells

Front 83

macula sacculi

Back 83

lies vestically on the wall of saccula

Front 84

macula utricle

Back 84

lies horizontally on floor of utricle

Front 85

static equilibrium

Back 85

the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary

Front 86

dynamic equilibrium

Back 86

perception of motion or acceleration

Front 87

otoliths

Back 87

calcium carbonate protein granules

Front 88

vision

Back 88

perception of objects in the enviorment of the light that they emit or reflect

Front 89

light

Back 89

visible electromagnetic radiation, human vision is 400 to 750 nm

Front 90

ultraviolet

Back 90

<400 nm

Front 91

infrared

Back 91

>750 nm

Front 92

eyebrows

Back 92

protect eyes from glare and perspiration

Front 93

eyelids

Back 93

block objects, moisten eyes and prevent stimulus

Front 94

tarsal glands

Back 94

secret oil that reduces tear evaporation and coats eye

Front 95

eye lashes

Back 95

help keep debris off eyes

Front 96

conjunctiva

Back 96

transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball except cornea- richly innervated and vascular

Front 97

lacirmal apparatus

Back 97

tears to flow across eyeball, deliver oxygen and nutrients and prevent infections with a lysosome

Front 98

3 principle layers of the eyeball

Back 98

tunic-3 layers form walls
optical- admits and focuses light
neural- retina and optic nerve

Front 99

tunics of the eyeball

Back 99

tunic fibrosa
tunic vasculosa
tunica interna

Front 100

tunic fibrosa

Back 100

ourter fibrous layer contains sclera and cornea

Front 101

sclera

Back 101

white of the eye

Front 102

cornea

Back 102

transparent area of sclera that admits light into the eye

Front 103

tunic vasculosa

Back 103

middle vascula layer contains choroid body, ciliary body and iris

Front 104

choroid layer

Back 104

highly vascular, deeply pigmented layer of tissue behind the retina

Front 105

ciliary body

Back 105

extension of choroid that forms a muscular ring around lens- supports lens and iris and secretes aqueous humor

Front 106

iris

Back 106

colored diaphragm controlling size of pupil- melanin produces brown and in chromatophores

Front 107

tunica interna

Back 107

retina and beginning of optic nerver- transmit elements that admit light rays refract them and focus images on the retina

Front 108

optical component

Back 108

cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitrous body

Front 109

cornea

Back 109

anterior transparent cover

Front 110

aqueous humor

Back 110

serious fluid, posterior of cornea and anterior to lens

Front 111

lens

Back 111

change shape to help focus light

Front 112

vitreous body

Back 112

filled space between lens and retinas

Front 113

neural component

Back 113

retina and optic disc

Front 114

retina

Back 114

forms from a cup shaped outgrowth of the deincephalon

Front 115

optic disc

Back 115

blind spot- optic nerve exits posterior surface of the eyeball

Front 116

rods

Back 116

night vision- contain visual pigment rhodopsin- opsin and retinal

Front 117

cones

Back 117

color photopic, day vision- contain photopsin- retinal moiety and opsin moiety- 3 kinds of cones

Front 118

cataract

Back 118

clouding of the lens

Front 119

glaucoma

Back 119

elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction f scleral venous sinus and improper drainage a aqueous humor