Anatomy Chapter 1

Front 1

Definition of Anatomy.

Back 1

The study of the structure of the body.

Front 2

Definition of Physiology.

Back 2

The study of functions; considers the ways

living organisms preform vital activities.

Front 3

Structures + Functions.

Back 3

• All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

• Structure, therefore, determines function.

Front 4

Definition of Microscopic Anatomy.

Back 4

• Structures that cannot be seen without magnification.

• It is limited by the equipment used...

Light microscope.

Electron microscope.

Front 5

Definition of Cytology.

+

Definition of Histology.

Back 5

• Cytology is the study of cells.

• Histology is the study of tissues.

Front 6

Gross Anatomy.

(Macroscopic Anatomy.)

Back 6

The study of structures visible to the naked eye.

Front 7

Definition of Surface Anatomy.

Back 7

Refers to the general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings.

Front 8

Definition of Regional Anatomy.

Back 8

Considers all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep.

Front 9

Definition of Systemic Anatomy.

Back 9

Is the study of one organ system at a time.

Front 10

Definition of Developmental Anatomy.

Back 10

It examines structural changes over time.

Front 11

Definition of Embryology.

Back 11

The study of the first two months of human development.

Front 12

Definition of Comparative Anatomy.

Back 12

It considers different types of animals.

Front 13

Definition of Clinical Anatomy.

Back 13

It focuses on pathological changes during illness.

Front 14

Definition of Surgical Anatomy.

Back 14

It studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures.

Front 15

Definition of Radiographic Anatomy.

Back 15

It involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body.

Front 16

Definition of Cross- Sectional Anatomy.

Back 16

It uses graphs from radiographic techniques like CT & MRI scans to look at cross sections of the body.

Front 17

Chemical + Molecular

Levels of Organization.

Back 17

• There are 12 + elements in the body.

• 4 of them make up 99% of the body...

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen.

Front 18

Major Classes of Compounds...

Back 18

• Water.
• Carbohydrates.
• Proteins.
• Lipids.
• Nucleic Acids.

Front 19

Levels of Organization in the Body.

Continued.

Back 19

• Cells are the smallest living units in the body.

• Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material.

• Organs are combinations of tissues.

Front 20

Levels of Organization in the Body.

Cont.

Back 20

• Chemical level.
• Cellular level.
• Tissue level.
• Organ level.
• Organ system level.
• Human organism.

Front 21

Responsiveness (irritability)...

Back 21

A change in activity based upon a stimulus.

Front 22

Adaptability...

Back 22

Long-term responsiveness.

Front 23

Growth...

Back 23

The increase in size of an organism.

Front 24

Differentiation...

Back 24

Becoming specialized to perform particular functions.

Front 25

Reproduction...

Back 25

The production of new generations of the same organism.

Front 26

Movement...

Back 26

The ability to change the position of something.

Front 27

Metabolism.

+

Anabolism.

+

Catabolism.

Back 27

• Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body.

• Anabolism is the bonding of chemicals together.

• Catabolism is the breaking of chemical bonds.

Front 28

Absorption...

Back 28

The process of bringing chemicals into the body.

Front 29

Respiration...

Back 29

The absorption, transportation, and use of oxygen by cells.

Front 30

Digestion...

Back 30

The process of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.

Front 31

Excretion...

Back 31

The removal of bodily wastes.

Front 32

The 11 Organ Systems.

Back 32

Integumentary. Skeletal. Muscular.

Nervous. Endocrine. Digestive.

Respiratory. Circulatory. Lymphatic.

Urinary. Reproductive.

Front 33

Integumentary System.

Back 33

Major Functions...

• Protection from Environmental Hazards.
• Helps with temperature control of the body.

Includes the Epidermis & Associated Glands, Hair, and Nails.

Front 34

Skeletal System.

Back 34

Major Functions...

• Support.
• Protection of Soft Tissues.
• Mineral Storage.
• Blood Formation.

Includes the Axial & Appendicular Skeleton.

Front 35

Muscular System.

Back 35

Major Functions...

• Locomotion.
• Support.
• Heat Production.

Includes the Axial and Appendicular Muscles.

Front 36

Nervous System.

Back 36

Major Function...

• Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems.

Includes the Central Nervous System...the Brain and Spinal Cord.

Peripheral Nervous System... Peripheral Nerves.

Front 37

Endocrine System.

Back 37

Major Function...

• Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.

Includes the Ovary in females, Testis in males, and the

glands... Pineal, Pituitary, Parathyroid, Thyroid, Thymus, Suparenal, and Pancreas.

Front 38

Cardiovascular System.

Back 38

Major Function...

• The internal transport of cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, and gases.

Includes the Heart, Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries.

Front 39

Lymphoid System.

Back 39

Major Function...

• Defense against infection and disease.

Includes the Thymus , the Lymph Nodes, Spleen, and Lymphatic Vessels.

Front 40

Respiratory System.

Back 40

Major Function...

• The delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

Includes the Nasal Cavity, Sinus, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, and Diaphragm.

Front 41

Digestive System.

Back 41

Major Function...

• The processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water.

Includes the Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Anus, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, Liver, Esophagus, Pharynx, and Salivary Gland.

Front 42

Urinary System.

Back 42

Major Functions...

• The elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products.

• Control of pH.

Includes the Bladder, Kidney, Ureter, and Urethra.

Front 43

Male Reproductive System.

Back 43

Major Function...

• The production of sex cells and hormones.

Includes the Prostate Gland, Seminal Gland, Ductus Deferens, Urethra, Epididymis, Testis, Penis, and Scrotum.

Front 44

Female Reproductive System.

Back 44

Major Functions...

• The production of sex cells and hormones.
• Supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth.

Includes the Mammary Gland, Uterine Tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, and external genitalia.

Front 45

Definition of Superficial Anatomy.

Back 45

Anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms that help in understanding the underlying structures.

Front 46

What is Anatomical Position?

Back 46

Standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forwards (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead.

Front 47

Supine...

Back 47

Lying down with the face up.

Front 48

Prone...

Back 48

Lying down with the face down.

Front 49

Anterior...

Back 49

The front; before.

Example:

The navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk.

Front 50

Ventral...

Back 50

The belly side.

Equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body.

Example:

The navel is on the ventral surface.

Front 51

Posterior...

Back 51

The back; behind.

Example:

The scapula (shoulder blade) is located posterior to the rib cage.

Front 52

Dorsal...

Back 52

The back.

Equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body.

Example:

The scapula (shoulder blade) is located on the dorsal side of the body.

Front 53

Cranial

+

Cephalic...

Back 53

Toward the head.

Example:

The cranial [or cephalic] border of the pelvis is superior to the thigh.

Front 54

Superior...

Back 54

Above; at a higher level (reference in human body, toward the head.)

Front 55

Caudal...

Back 55

Toward the tail (coccyx in humans.)

Example:

The hips are caudal to the waist.

Front 56

Inferior...

Back 56

Below; at a lower level; toward the feet.

Example:

The knees are inferior to the hips.

Front 57

Medial...

Back 57

Toward the midline, the longitudinal axis of the body.

Example:

The medial surfaces of the thighs may be in contact.

Front 58

Lateral...

Back 58

Away from the midline, the longitudinal axis of the body.

Example:

The femur articulates with the lateral surface of the pelvis.

Front 59

Proximal...

Back 59

Toward an attached base.

Example:

The thigh is proximal to the foot.

Front 60

Distal...

Back 60

Away from an attached base.

Example:

The fingers are distal to the wrist.

Front 61

Superficial...

Back 61

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.

Example:

The skin is superficial to underlying structures.

Front 62

Deep...

Back 62

Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface.

Example:

The bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles.

Front 63

Ipsilateral...

Back 63

On the same side.

Example:

The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral.

Front 64

Contralateral...

Back 64

On opposite sides.

Example:

The right arm and left leg are contralateral.

Front 65

What is Sectional Anatomy?

Back 65

• A way to illustrate relationships between parts of three-dimensional objects.

• The development of electronic imaging techniques allows us to see inside the living body without surgery.

Front 66

Regional Terms.

1

Back 66

Anatomical Name/ Anatomical Region/ Common Term.

• Cephalon/ cephalic/ area of the head.
• Cervicis/ cervical/ neck region.
• Thoracis/ thoracic/ chest region.
• Brachium/ brachial/ upper arm.
• Antebrachium/ antebrachial/ forearm.
• Carpus/ carpal/ wrist.

Front 67

Regional Terms.

2

Back 67

Anatomical Name/ Anatomical Region/ Common Term.

• Manus/ manual/ hand.
• Pollicis/ pollex/ thumb.
• Abdomen/ abdominal/ abdominal region.
• Umbilicus/ umbilical/ navel or belly button.
• Pelvis/ pelvic/ pelvic region.
• Pubis/ pubic/ anterior pelvis or genital region.

Front 68

Regional Terms.

3

Back 68

Anatomical Name/ Anatomical Region/ Common Term.

• Inguen/ inguinal/ groin.
• Lumbus/ lumbar/ lower back.
• Gluteus/ gluteal/ buttock region.
• Femur/ femoral/ thigh.
• Patella/ patellar/ kneecap.
• Crus/ crucal/ anterior leg, from knee to ankle.

Front 69

Regional Terms.

4

Back 69

Anatomical Term/ Anatomical Region/ Common Term.

• Sura/ sural/ posterior, calf of leg.
• Tarsus/ tarsal/ ankle.
• Pes/ pedal/ foot. (pedals of a bike)
• Planta/ plantar/ the bottom of the foot, sole.
• Hallucis/ hallux/ big (great) toe.

Front 70

Frontal (Coronal) Plane.

Back 70

Lies vertically and divides the body into an anterior (front) portion and posterior (back) portion.

Front 71

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane.

Back 71

Lies horizontally and divides the body into a superior (top) and an inferior (bottom) portion. These sections are also called cross sections.

Front 72

Sagittal Plane.

Back 72

Lies vertically and divides the body into a right portion and left portion. If the sagittal plane lies exactly in the midline and the portions are equivalent, it is called the midsagittal plane or median plane. All other sagittal planes are called parasagittal planes.

Front 73

Dorsal Body Cavity.

Back 73

a. Cranial cavity: lies within skull (cranium) encasing the brain.

b. Spinal cavity: lies within the vertebral column enclosing the spinal cord.

Front 74

Ventral Body Cavity.

(Coelom)

Back 74

Provides protection, allows organ movement, lining prevents friction.

Front 75

Thoracic Cavity.

Back 75

Superior to diaphragm, contains heart, lungs, blood vessels; surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest wall.

Front 76

Pleural Cavities.

Back 76

Right and left cavities, which enclose the right and left lungs.

• Parietal Pleura; (the thin membrane that lines the chest walls) of the serous membrane.
• Visceral Pleura; (the thin membrane that adheres to the lungs) of the serous membrane.
• Serous Fluid; fills the pleural cavity between the layers of the serous membrane.

Front 77

Mediastinal Cavity

or Mediastinum.

Back 77

Central cavity containing a band of organs, which lies between the pleural cavities; contains the heart (enclosed by the pericardial cavity), esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessel.

Front 78

Pericardial Cavity.

Back 78

Contains the heart.

• Parietal Pericardium; (the thin membrane that lines the pericardial walls) of the serous membrane.
• Visceral Pericardium; (the thin membrane that adheres to the heart surface) of the serous membrane.
• Serous Fluid; fills the pericardial cavity between the layers of the serous membrane.

Front 79

Adbominopelvic Cavity.

Back 79

Lies inferior to the diaphragm and is divided into a superior part and an inferior part.

Front 80

Abdominal Cavity.

Back 80

The superior part, which contains the liver, stomach, small intestine, spleen, kidneys, and other organs; extends from diaphragm superiorly to superior border of sacrum.

Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal cavity.

Front 81

Abdominal Cavity.

Continued.

Back 81

• Peritoneum; serous membrane.
• Parieral Peritoneum; (the thin membrane that lines the wall) of the serous membrane.
• Visceral Peritoneum; (the thin membrane that adheres to the adbominopelvic organs) of the serous membrane.
• The kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are retroperitoneal because they are located behind the abdominpelvic cavity.

Front 82

Pelvic Cavity.

Back 82

The inferior part, which is enclosed by the bony pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.

• Peritoneum is continuous with that of the abdominal cavity.

Front 83

Four Abdominalpelvic Quadrants.

Back 83

More general method of localizing the visceral organs; delineate the abdominopelvic cavity into four segments by drawing one horizontal plane and one vertical plane through the umbilicus.

• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Front 84

Nine Abdominopelvic Regions.

Back 84

Used by clinicians to map the visceral organs; are created by two transverse planes and two parasagittal planes, forming a "tic-tac-toe" grid.

Front 85

Nine Abdominopelvic Regions.

Continued.

Back 85

• Umbilical region; the center square.
• Hypochondriac regions; superior lateral regions.
• Epigastric region; medial & superior to umbilical region.
• Lumbar regions; middle lateral regions.
• Hypogastric region; medial and inferior to the umbilical region.
• Inguinal regions; inferior lateral regions.