Anatomy: Ch.3 & 4 - Cell Biology & Tissues

Front 1

Three main components of a cell

Back 1

Plasma membrane, cytoplasme, nucleus

Front 2

Functions of a Cell

Back 2

-Metabolism, energy use, and production
-Synthesis of molecules
-Communication
-Reproduction and Inheritance

Front 3

Ribosomes

Back 3

Appearance: Small dark granules in cytosol and rough ER

Function: Protein synthesis and genetic code interpretation

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Rough ER

Back 4

Appearance: parallel membrane sheets w/ribosomes

Function: Protein synthesis and cellular membrane synthesis

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Smooth ER

Back 5

Appearance: Network of tunbules, NO RIBOSOMES

Function: Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

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Golgi Apparatus

Back 6

Appearance: Near nucleus, parallel cisternae w/thick edges

Function: Packaging cell products, carb synthesis, modifies polypeptides

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Lysosome

Back 7

Appearance: Oval sacs

Function: Contain digestive enzymes, autophagy, glucose mobilization

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Peroxisome

Back 8

Appearance: Oval, lighter in color than lysosomes

Function: Amino acid degrader, oxidizes fatty acids, contains enzymes for detox of free radicals, alcohol, and other drugs

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Mitochondria

Back 9

Appearance: Round rod-shaped

Function: ATP synthesis

Front 10

Secretory Vesicle

Back 10

Appearance: Round irregular sac near golgi Apparatus

Function: Carry cell products to cell surface

Front 11

Plasma Membrane

Back 11

-Boundary between intro and extracellular materials
-Allows elec impulse, involve ions moving across membrane
-consists of 45-50% lipids, 45-50% protein, and 4-8% carbs
-Contains Glycocalyx (Carbs, lipids, and proteins on outer surface)
-Fluid-mosaic model

Front 12

Membrane Lipids

Back 12

Predominantly Phospholipids and Cholesterol

Front 13

Phospholipid bi-layer

Back 13

Makes up cell membrane. Polar heads facing water in the interior and exterior of cell (hydrophilic) while non-polar tails face each other on interior of membrane (hydrophobic)

Front 14

Cholesterols role in the phospholipid bi-layer

Back 14

Interspersed among phospholipid bi-layer. Controlled amounts determines the fluid nature of the membrane. More=stiffer

Front 15

Integral Membrane Protein

Back 15

-Extend deeply into membrane, often extending from one surface to the other
-Can form channels, allow things to pass in/out

Front 16

Peripheral (Extrinsic) Membrane Proteins

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-Attached to inner or outer surfaces of the membrane
-Function as identifying markers, attachment sites, and receptors

Front 17

Marker Molecules

Back 17

-Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
-Allow cells to be identified by one another or by other molecules
-For immunity or intercellular communication

Front 18

Cadherins Attachment Proteins

Back 18

Attach cells to other cells

Front 19

Integrins Attachment Proteins

Back 19

Integral proteins that attach to extracellular molecule

Sometimes allow communication due to contact with intracellular molecules

Front 20

Transport Proteins

Back 20

transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance cross the membrane
-Inclueds Channel Proteins and Carrier Proteins

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Carrier Proteins

Back 21

-Move ions or molecules across the membrane; binding of specific chemical causes change in shape; the carrier then moves the molecule across the membrane.
- Also called transporters
-Uniporters, Symporters, Antiporters

Front 22

Uniporter - Carrier Protein

Back 22

Moves one particle at a time

Front 23

Symporter - Carrier Protein

Back 23

Moves two particles in the same direction at the same time

Front 24

Antiporter - Carrier Protein

Back 24

Moves two or more particles in opposite directions at the same time.

Front 25

ATP-Powered Transport

Back 25

-Requires ATP
-Rate of transport depends on:
conc. of substrate
conc. of ATP

Front 26

Receptor Proteins

Back 26

-Functions as binding stie in the extracellular fluid
-Proteins or glycoproteins in membranes with an exposed receptor site
-Can attach to specific chemical signal molecules (hormones) and act as an intercellular communication systems
-Ligand can attach only to cell with a specific receptor

Front 27

Channel Protein

Back 27

Form passageways through the plasma membrane, allow speicific ions or molecules in or out of cell. Gate or nongated
-Receptor molecules linked to channel proteins
-Attachment of receptor-specific chemical signal to receptor causes change in shape of channel protein
-Channel opens or closes
-Changes permeability of cell

Front 28

What causes Cystic Fibrosis

Back 28

A defect in the genes causes a defect in the channel proteins

Drugs can be used to alter membrane permeability by binding to sites.

Front 29

Receptors Linked to G Protein Complexes

Back 29

-Alter activity on inner surface of membrane
-Leads to intracellular chemical reaction signal that affect cell function
-Some hormones function like this
-Chemical signal molecule does not enter cell

Front 30

Enzymes in the Plasma Membrane

Back 30

-Some act to catalyze reactions at outer/inner surface of plasma membrane
-

Front 31

Which type of protein is involved with the immune system

Back 31

Marker Molecules

Front 32

Which type of protein is involved in speeding up reactions?

Back 32

Enzyme proteins

Front 33

If you have a receptor linked channel what will cause it to open?

Back 33

A chemical signal

Front 34

Attachment Proteins

Back 34

Anchor cells to other cells (cadherins) or to other extracellular moelcules (integrins)

Front 35

What are the 4 classes of Tissue?

Back 35

Epithelial
Connective
Muslce
Nervous

Front 36

Histology

Back 36

Microscopic study of tissue

Front 37

Biopsy

Back 37

Removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes

Front 38

Autopsy

Back 38

Examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death

Front 39

Epithelial Tissue

Back 39

-Consists almost entirely of cells
-Covers body surface, forms glands
-Outside of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems
-Heart and blood vessesls
-Lining of many body cavities
-Has free, basal, and lateral surfaces to air, fluid plasma
-Basement membrane (where new cells grow from)
-Avascular (no vessels)
-Undergoes mitosis

Front 40

Function of Epithelial Tissue

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-Protecting underlying structures
Acts as barrier
-Permit passage of specific substances e.g. nephrons in kidney
-Secretes substances; e.g. pancreas
-Absorbs substances; e.g. lining of small intestine

Front 41

Cell Surface Modifications

Back 41

Microvilli (brush boarder): Increase surface area for absorption/secretion
Cilia: Move materials across cell surface

Front 42

Classification of Epithelium

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-Number of layer of cells
-Simple: One layer
-Stratified: More than one layer
-Pseudostratified: Tissue appears stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane, so Simple in fact.

Front 43

Shape of Cell

Back 43

Squamous: Flat scale-like
Cuboidal: About equal in height and width
Columnar: Taller than wide

Front 44

Function Characteristics of Simple and Stratified cells

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Simple: Allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption
Stratified: Protection, e.g. abrasion

Front 45

Connective Tissue

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-Abundant
-Consists of cells seperated by extracellular matrix
-Many diverse types
-Perform a variety of functions

Front 46

Function of Connective Tissue

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-Connects tissues to each other. (tendons and ligaments)
-Support movement (bone)
-Storage (Adipose tissue)
-Transport (blood)
-Protection (WBC's)

Front 47

Extracellular Matrix

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-Protein fibers of the matrix
-Collagen
-Reticular
-Elastic

Front 48

Collagen Fibers

Back 48

Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic

Front 49

Reticular Fibers

Back 49

Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks

Front 50

Elastic Fibers

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Returns to its original shape after distension or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are cross-linked

Front 51

Bone (Connective Tissue)

Back 51

-Hard connective tissue composed of living cells (osteocytes) and mineralized matrix
-Matrix: Gives strength and rigidity; allows bones to support and protect other tissues and organs

Front 52

Bone Matrix

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Gives strength and rigidity
-Made of organic Collagen fibers and Inorganic Hydroxyapatite (Ca+PO4) Minerals
-Osteocytes; located in lacunae

Front 53

Bone Function with relation to blood

Back 53

When minerals are low in the blood, the bones release some. High enough bones can take it back. Minerals are needed for nerve and muscle functioning

Front 54

Bone Types

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Cancellous or Spongy bone (produce blood cells)

Compact bone

Front 55

Muscle Tissue Characteristics

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-Contracts or shortens with force
-Moves entire body and pumps blood, moves food

Front 56

Muscle Tissue Types

Back 56

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Front 57

Skeletal Muscle

Back 57

Most attached to skeleton, but some attached to other types of connective tissue.
-Striated "strips" and VOLUNTARY (multinucleated)

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Cardiac Muscle

Back 58

Muscle of the heart, striated and involuntary

Front 59

Smooth Muscle

Back 59

Muscle associated with tubular structures (blood vessels) and beneath the skin. Non-straited and INVOLUNTARY.

Front 60

Types of Neurons

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Multipolar
Unipolar
Bipolar

Front 61

Multipolar Neurons

Back 61

Has many dendrites and one axon
-found as motorneurons

Front 62

Bipolar Neurons

Back 62

Has one dendrite and one axon attached to the cell body
-Found as interneuron (found in ear and eye)

Front 63

Unipolar Neurons

Back 63

Have one process from the cell body, an axon. It branches to connect to receptors and the spinal cord or brain
-Found as Sensory neurons

Front 64

Nervous Tissue

Back 64

-Neuroglia
-Support cells of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
-Nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
-Do not conduct impulses

Front 65

Integumentary System

Back 65

-Include: Skin, hair, nails, and glands
Function: Protection, Sensation, Temperature Regulation, Vit. D production, Excretion, Immunity.

Front 66

What is the function of the Glycocalyx?

Back 66

Found in the plasma membrane
-It is a collection of lipids, carbs, and proteins.
-They are used in identification

Front 67

What is mediated transport?

Back 67

Movement that occurs across membranes

Front 68

What is specificity, competition, and saturation?

Back 68

the three defining attributes of a receptor-ligand interaction.
Specificity: A specific ligand, like key
Competition: Different ligands compete for receptor
Saturation: After receptors are saturated, changing ligand count has no effect

Front 69

Which Tissue type is involved in storing fat?

Back 69

Adipose tissue (Connective Tissue)

Front 70

Which tissue type makes blood cells?

Back 70

Bone tissue (Connective)

Front 71

What type of tissue is involved with pumping?

Back 71

Muscle tissue (cardiac, striated)

Front 72

Which muscle type are multinucleated?

Back 72

Skeletal muscle

Front 73

Which tissue type is involved in absorbing things? Secretion

Back 73

Epidermis (Absorption)
Epithelial (Secretion)

Front 74

Which tissue type is tightly packed?

Back 74

Epithelial

Front 75

What type of protein fibers are found in connective tissue?

Back 75

Collagen, Reticular, and Elastin

Front 76

Whats the impotance of Ca and PO4?

Back 76

Calcium phosphate in an inorganic molecule that allows for stiffness. It is a storage for materials for nerve function and muscle control

Front 77

Which part of a neuron allows a cell to detect info?

Back 77

A dendrite, which relays the signal with axon.

Front 78

Do neuroglia transmit signals?

Back 78

FALSE. they assit neurons with that function.

Front 79

Mediated Transport

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-Facilitated Diffusion
-Active Transport
-Secondary Active Transport

Front 80

Diffusion

Back 80

-Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in solution due to thermal molecular energy

Front 81

Osmosis

Back 81

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from low conc. to high conc.

Front 82

Osmotic Pressure

Back 82

Force required to prevent water from moving across a membrane by osmosis.

Front 83

Isoosmotic

Back 83

Solutions with the same concentrations of solute particles

Front 84

Hyperosmotic

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Solution with a greater concentration of solute

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Hypoosmotic

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Solution with lesser concentration of solute

Front 86

Isotonic Solution

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Cell will neither shrink nor swell

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Hpertonic Solution

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Cell shrinks (crenation)

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Hypotonic Solution

Back 88

Cell swells (may undergo lysis)

Front 89

Filtration

Back 89

Works like sieve, strainer.
-Uses hydrostatic pressure to force molecules across membrane
-Depends on pressure difference between a partition
Move from side of greater pressure to side of lower pressure

Front 90

What are the three characteristics that govern mediated transport

Back 90

Specificity
Competition
Saturation

Front 91

Specificity

Back 91

Is when binding site on cell is specific for a single type of molecule

Front 92

Competition

Back 92

Is when there is competition between similar shape molecules for one binding site

Front 93

Saturation

Back 93

Rate of transport limited to number of available carrier proteins

Front 94

Saturation of a Carrier Protein

Back 94

1. When conc. of x molecule outside the cell is low, the transport rate is low
2. When more molecules are present outside, as enough carrier proteins are available, more molecules can be transported and rate increases
3. The transport rate is limited by number of carrier proteins and rate at which transport occurs.When # of molecules outside of cell is too large and all carrier proteins are taken up, the system is considered saturated.

Front 95

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 95

Carrier or channel mediated.
PASSIVE (no energy required)

Front 96

Active Transport

Back 96

-Requires energy, ATP
-Rate of transport depends on conc. of substrate and on conc. of ATP
EX: Na+/K+ exchange pump that creates e potential across membrane.