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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
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1) Integumentary
2) Skeletal 3) Muscular 4) Endocrine 5) Nervous 6) Digestive 7) Urinary 8) Cardiovascular 9) Lymphatic 10) Respiratory 11) Reproductive |
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Integumentary system?
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Skin, hair, sweat/oil glands
Protects the body, regulate body temp, eliminates some waste, Vitamin D, detects sensations |
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Skeletal system?
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Bones, joints, assoc. cartilage
Supports/protects the body, SA for muscle attachment, body movement, produce blood cells, stores minerals/lipids |
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Muscular system?
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Muscles
Body movement, generate heat, stabilize |
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Nervous system?
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
Generates action potential, regulates body activities, interprets internal/external changes, cause muscle/gland contractions and secretions |
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Endocrine system?
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Hormone producing glands
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones |
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Digestive system?
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Organs of GI tract
Chemical and physical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste |
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Cardiovascular system?
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Blood, heart, BV
Pump blood through BV, carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, regulates acid base, temperature, water, helps defend against disease, repair BV |
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Urinary system?
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Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Produces, stores, eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, maintains acid base balance of fluids, mineral balance, production of RBC |
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Lymphatic system?
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Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI to blood, protects against disease causing microbes |
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Reproductive system?
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Gonads
Produce gametes to form a new organism, release hormones to regulate reproduction, stores gametes |
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Respiratory system?
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Lungs, passageways, bronchial tubes in and out of lungs
Transfers oxygen from air to blood and CO2 from blood to air, regulates acid-base balance of fluids, air flowing out of lungs, voice |
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What are the 6 important life processes?
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1) Metabolism
2) Responsiveness 3) Movement 4) Growth 5) Differentiation (of cells) 6) Reproduction |
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Components of a feedback system (3)?
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1) Receptor
2) Control center 3) Effector |
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Negative Feedback
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Reverses a change in a controlled condition
Ex: blood pressure |
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Positive Feedback
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Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions. It must be shut off externally, or it'll runaway.
Ex: childbirth |
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What are the 4 body cavities?
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1) Cranial
2) Vertebral 3) Thoracic: pleural, pericardial, mediastinum 4) Abdominopelvic: abdominal, pelvic |
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What are the 4 types of body tissues?
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1) Epithelial
2) Connective 3) Muscular 4) Nervous |
1) Epithelial: covers surfaces, lines hollow cavities, forms glands
2) Connective: protects and supports, binds organs, stores as fat, provides immunity 3) Muscular: physical force for movement and heat 4) Nervous: detects changes in environment (in/external), activates muscle contract, gland secretion |
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What are the 3 primary germ layers and what tissues do they form?
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1) Endoderm: epithelial
2) Ectoderm: epithelial & nervous 3) Mesoderm: epithelial, connective, muscle |
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What are the 5 cell junctions?
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1) Tight
2) Gap 3) Adherens 4) Desmosomes 5) Hemidesmosomes |
1) Tight: closed door (stomach lining, urinary bladder)
2) Gap: connexon tunnels (nerves, muscles, embryos) 3) Adherens (Anchoring): contains plaque, cadherins join the cells. RESISTS SEPARATION 4) Desmosomes: like adheren junction but plaque isn't attached to microfilaments but attached to intermediate filaments (keratin). Prevents separation under tension (skin, heart cells). CELL TO CELL 5) Hemidesmosomes: like desmosomes but don't link adjacent cells. Instead of cadherins, the integrins are attaching to the intermediate filaments and also attaches to basement membrane's laminin. CELL TO BASAL MEMBRANE |
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The two types of epithelial tissue are?
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1) Covering/lining epithelium
2) Glandular epithelium |
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Covering/lining epithelium classification by layers?
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1) Covering/Lining
-Simple: diffusion, absorb, filter, secrete, osmosis. SINGLE LAYER -Pseudostratified: may have cilia, goblet cells for secretion. UNEVEN SINGLE LAYER -Stratified: protects. MULTIPLE LAYERS |
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Covering/lining epithelium classification by cell shape?
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-Squamous: rapid passage. FLAT TILES
-Cuboidal: secretion and absorption. CUBE OR HEXAGONAL -Columnar: protects, secrete/absorbs a lot. RECTANGULAr -Transitional: stretching and collapsing. FLAT TO CUBOIDAL |
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Two classifications of glandular epithelium?
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1) Endocrine: enters the interstitial fluidand difffuses directly into bloodstream without flowing through duct (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal)
2) Exocrine: secrete their products into duct and empty on surface of skin or organ (sweat, mucous, saliva -- pancreas, ovaries) |
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Structural classifications of glandular epithelium?
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Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Simple: -Tubular: large intestine glands -Branched Tubular: gastric glands -Coiled tubular: sweat -Acinar (rounded): penile urethra glands -Branched acinar: sebaceous glands Compound: -Tubular: bulbourethral glands -Acinar: mammary -Tubuloacinar: acinar glands of pancreas |
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Functional classifications of glandular epithelium (3)?
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1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine 3) Holocrine |
1) Merocrine: vesicle is secreted (exorcrine glands of body)
2) Apocrine: pinching off (mammary glands, sweat glands) 3) Holocrine: stores then self-explodes (sebaceous gland) |
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What are the two components of connective tissue?
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1) Extracellular matrix
2) Cells |
1) ECM consists of protein fibers and ground substance
2) Cells - many types -Fibroblasts: secretes components of ECM -Adipocytes: stores triglycerides -Mast cells: produce histamine which dilates BV, ingests and kills bacteria -WBC: migrates from blood to CT, fights parasitic infection/allergies -Macrophages: eats bacteria/cellular debris (can be fixed or wandering) -Plasma cells: develops from B lymphocytes, secrete antibodies that attack/neutralize foreign substances in the body |
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What are the two components of ECM?
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1) Ground substance
2) Fibers |
1) Ground substance: can be fluid, jello, or calicified. Contains: water, polysaccharides and proteins (GAGs)
2) Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular fibers |
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Two types of embryonic CT
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1) Mesenchyme
2) Mucous CT |
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3 types of Loose CT
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1) Areolar
2) Adipose 3) Reticular CT |
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3 types of Dense CT
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1) Dense regular
2) Dense irregular 3) Elastic CT |
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3 types of cartilage
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1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage 3) Elastic cartilage |
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Solid type of CT
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Bone tissue
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2 types of liquid CT
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1) Blood tissue
2) Lymph |
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What are the 3 types of epithelial membranes?
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1) Mucous membrane
2) Serous membrane 3) Cutaneous membrane |
1) Mucous: lines exterior openings. Serves as barrier against microbes, lubricates. AREOLAR CT
2) Serous: lines cavity not directly open to exterior. AREOLAR CT + SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM 3) Cutaneous: superficial skin. KERATINIZED STRATEFIED SQUAMOUS |
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What is synovial membrane?
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Membrane lining the cavity of freely moving joints, not open to exterior. Discontinuous layers of cells. Lubricates to move joints, cleans out debris
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What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?
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1) Skeletal
2) Cardiac 3) Smooth |
1) Skeletal Muscle: attached to bone, striated, voluntary
2) Cardiac: forms wall of heart, involuntary, fiber w/ 1 nucleus 3) Smooth Muscle: walls of hollow internal structures like BV, lung airways, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder. Helps with constriction, involuntary, no striations, central nucleus |
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The two types of nervous tissue cells.
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1) Neurons
2) Neuroglia |
1) Neurons: sensitive to stimulus, convert stimuli to action potentials. Consists of cell body with dendrites and axons
2) Neuroglia: supportive |
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How repairable are epithelial tissue? Connective? Muscular? Nervous?
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Epithelial = very repairable. Must be able to repair from external wear and tear
CT= good capacity, bone has ample blood supply. Cartilage is less repairable Muscular= poor capacity, no satellite cells and fibers do not undergo mitosis Nervous: poorest! |
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