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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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describes the structures of the body |
anatomy
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study of functions of anatomical structures
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physiology
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examines large visible structures
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gross anatomy
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examines cells and their structures
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microscopic anatomy
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study of cells
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cytology
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study of tissues and their structures
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histology
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smallest unit of life
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cell
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a group of similar cells working together
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tissues
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group of different tissues working together
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organs
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integumentary system
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protects against environmental hazards; regulates body temp; provides sensory info; vitamin d production
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skeletal system
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support and protect; store calcium/minerals; forms blood cells
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muscular system
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movement; protection/support; generates body heat
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nervous system
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direct immediate responses to stimuli; provide/interpret sensor info; coordinate/moderate other organs
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endocrine system
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(glands) directs long-term changes in activities of organs; adjusts metabolic rate; controls structural changes during development
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cardiovascular system
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distributes blood cells, H2O, wastes; assist in body temp
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lymphatic system
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defend against infection; return tissue fluids to blood
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respiratory system
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delivers air to alveoli; provide O2 to blood; remove CO2; produce sound for communication
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digestive system
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process food; absorb/conserve water; absorb nutrients; store energy reserves
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urinary system
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excrete waste from blood; controls H2O balance; store urine; regulate pH
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male reproductive system
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produce sperm; sexual intercourse
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female reproductive system
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produce oocytes; support fetus; provide milk for infant; sex
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all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
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homeostasis
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receives stimuli in homeostasis
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receptor
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processes the signal and sends instructions in homeostasis
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control center
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carries out instructions in homeostasis
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effector
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(homeostasis) when a change is reduced back to normal
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negative feedback
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(homeostasis) when a change increases and becomes bigger
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positive feedback
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anatomical position
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hands at sides, palms forward
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slice an object down the middle; makes a right half and left half
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sagittal plane
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splits an objects into back/front halves
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frontal plane
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divides body into upper/lower halves
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transverse plane
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superior means
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above
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inferior means
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below
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toward midline of body
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medial
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away from midline of body
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lateral
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near the point of attachment
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proximal
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farther from point of attachment
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distal
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toward surface of body
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superficial
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away from surface of body
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deep
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toward the back
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dorsal/posterior
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toward the front
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anterior/ventral
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cavity consists of cranial and vertebral
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dorsal body cavity
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cavity contains spinal cord
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vertebral cavity
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cavity contains brain
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cranial cavity
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consists of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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ventral cavity
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cavity contains heart and lungs
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thoracic cavity
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median compartment of thoracic cavity
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mediastinum
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fluid filled space around lungs
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pleural cavity
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fluid filled space around heart
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pericardial cavity
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contains abdominal and pelvic cavities
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abdominopelvic cavity
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atoms through chemical bonding become?
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molecules
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(type of bond) cation/anion attraction between opposite charges
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ionic bond
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bond in which the electrons share the outer orbit
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covalent bond
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gaseous form is essential for respiration
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oxygen
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found in all organic molecules
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hydrogen
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found in proteins and nucleic acids
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nitrogen`
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found in bones; important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting
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calcium
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found in bones, nucleic acids; high energy compound
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phosphorous
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important for membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
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potassium
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important for blood volume, nerve impulses, muscle contraction
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sodium
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important for blood volume, membrane function and H2O absorption
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chlorine
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cofactor for many enzymes
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magnesium
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found in many proteins
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sulfur
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important for O2 transport and energy capture
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iron
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in thyroid hormones
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iodine
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atoms through chemical bonding become?
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molecules
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(type of bond) cation/anion attraction between opposite charges
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ionic bond
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bond in which the electrons share the outer orbit
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covalent bond
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gaseous form is essential for respiration
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oxygen
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found in all organic molecules
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hydrogen
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found in proteins and nucleic acids
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nitrogen`
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found in bones; important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting
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calcium
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found in bones, nucleic acids; high energy compound
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phosphorous
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important for membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
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potassium
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important for blood volume, nerve impulses, muscle contraction
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sodium
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important for blood volume, membrane function and H2O absorption
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chlorine
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cofactor for many enzymes
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magnesium
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found in many proteins
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sulfur
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important for O2 transport and energy capture
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iron
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in thyroid hormones
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iodine
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bond sharing one pair of electrons
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single covalent bond
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bond sharing 2 pairs f electrons
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double covalent bond
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molecules not based on carbon/hydrogen
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inorganic
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molecules based on carbon/hydrogen
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organic
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pH of human blood
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7.35 - 7.35
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(pH) a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
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acid
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(pH) a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
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base
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(pH) solutes that dissociate into cations/anions other than hydrogen/hydroxide ions
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salts
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neutralizes either a strong acid or base
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buffer
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simple sugar
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monosaccharide
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two sugars
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disaccharides
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many sugars
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polysaccharides
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two types of fatty acids
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saturated/unsaturated
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energy source, insulation; ex: fats/oils
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triglycerides
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an assortment of functional groups: cholesterol, estrogen/testosterone, corticosteroids/calcitriol, bile salts
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steroids
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contain diglycerides; components of plasma
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phospholipids
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chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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proteins
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four forms of proteins
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primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
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DNA
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deoxyribose nucleic acid
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RNA
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ribose nucleic acid
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nucleotides in DNA
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adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
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nucleotides in RNA
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adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
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adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine (what's this called)
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complementary base pairing
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two nucleotide chains of DNA are twisted into a...
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double helix
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an important high energy compound
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ATP
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building blocks of DNA/RNA that consist of sugars, phosphate group, and has a nitrogenous base
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nucleotide
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protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions
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enzymes
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made up of phospholipids and proteins and is selectively permeable
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cell membrane structure
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function of cell membrane
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ability to transport certain things across
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subdivided into membranous and nonmembranous
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organelles
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consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules
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cytoskeleton
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important in the movement of chromosomes to opposite poles during cell division
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centrioles
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forms poles in cell for movement of chromosomes in cell division
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centrosome
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small hair like projections; aid in locomotion
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cilia
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functions in protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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contains intracellular storage/transport; synthesis of secretory products
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endoplasmic reticulum
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connects cytoskeleton to cell membrane; contraction allows for movement
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microfilament
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hollow tubes of protein which can act as tracks along which organelles move
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microtubules
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plasma membrane extensions that assist in absorption of nutrients and other substances
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microvilli
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lipid and carb synthesis
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SER
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modification and packaging of newly made proteins
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RER
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finishes, stores, distributes chemical products of cell
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golgi complex
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vesicles containing digestive enzymes to remove pathogens and broken organelles
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lysosomes
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site of aerobic cellular respiration; produces ATP of cell
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mitochondrion
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large structure that contains DNA in cell
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nucleus
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vesicles containing enzymes to break down substances; detoxifies
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peroxisome
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involves transcription and translation
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protein synthesis
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a sequence of 3 nucleotide bases on the messenger RNA
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codon
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