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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
group of similar cells with a common origin and functions to carry out specialized activities
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Tissue
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Science that deals with the study of tissues
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Histology
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the 4 basic types of body tissues
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
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covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body surfaces, and ducts. Also forms glands
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Epithelial tissue
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protects and supports the body, store energy reserves as fat, and helps provide immunity
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Connective
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generates physical force to make body move
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Muscle tissue
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detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside body and responds by generating impulses to help regulate homeostasis
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Nervous tissue
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All tissues in the body develop from 3 primary _____ ______, the first tissues that form in a human embryo: ______, _______, ______
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Germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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mesoderm gives rise to all ______ and most ________
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connective tissues
muscle tissues |
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Ectoderm develops into
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nervous tissue
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removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic exam
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biopsy
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contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
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cell junctions
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consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together
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tight junctions
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cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, urinary bladder, and intestines have ______ junctions that prevent leaking
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tight
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contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches to both cytoskeleton proteins and membrane proteins. Actin microfilaments extend from the plaque into cell's cytosol, and transmembrane glycoproteins called ________ insert into the plaque from opposite side
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Adherins junctions
cadherins |
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In epithelial cells, adherins junctions form belts called ________ that encircle the cell to resist separation.
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adhesion belts
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have transmembrane glycoproteins like adherins junctions, but also have intermediate filaments made of keratin that extend from _______ on one side of the cell to the other side
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Desmosomes
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anchor cells to the basement membrane with transmembrane glycoproteins called integrins. Integrins attach to protein laminin. Do not link to other cells, only basement membrane.
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Hemidesmosomes
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membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect cells.
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Gap junctions
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tissue that consist of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers.
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Epithelial
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surface of epithelial cells that face the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of internal organ, or tubular duct that receives secretions from cells
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Apical (free) surface
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The _______ of an epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface and adheres to extracellular materials
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Basal surface
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_______ in the basal surfaces of epithelial cells anchor the epithelium to the basement membrane
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hemidesmosomes
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_______ layer refers to the most superficial layer of cell whereas _____ layer refers to the deepest layer of cells
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apical
basal |
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a thin extracellular layer that commonly consist of 2 layers, basal lamina and reticular lamina
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basement membrane
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The _______ molecules in the ________ adhere to integrins in hemidesmosomes and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane
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laminin
basal lamina |
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The _________ is closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains fibrous proteins produced by fibroblasts
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reticular lamina
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3 other roles of basement membranes other than attachment
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1. surface for epithelial cells to migrate during growth and wound healing
2. restrict passage of larger molecules bw epithelium and connective tissue 3. participate in filtration of blood in kidneys |
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Epithelial tissue is _________, meaning it lacks its own blood supply, but it does have a _______ supply
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avascular
nerve |
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forms the outer covering of skin and some organs. Inner lining of blood vessels, ducts and body cavities. Interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
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Covering and lining epithelium
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constitutes the secreting portion of glands, such as thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands
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Glandular epithelium
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single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion (mucus, sweat, enzymes), and absorption (intake of fluids or other substances).
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Simple epithelium
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consist of 2 or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues where there is considerable wear and tear
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stratified epithelium
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contains only single layer of cells, but appears to have multiple levels bc the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface. Cells that extend to the apical surface are ciliated or secrete mucus
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pseudostratified epithelium
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arranged like floor tiles and are thin, which allows for rapid movement of substances through them
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Squamous cells
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as tall as they are wide and are shaped like ______. May have microvilli at apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption
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Cuboidal cells
cubes |
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much taller than they are wide and protect underlying tissues. Their apical surface may have cilia or microvilli, and are often specialized for secretion and absorption
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columnar cells
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change shape, from cuboidal to flat and back, as organs stretch to a larger size then collapse to a smaller size
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transitional cells
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3 types of simple epithelium
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simple squamous
simple cuboidal simple columnar (nonciliated and ciliated) |
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4 types of stratified epithelium
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stratified squamous (keratinized and nonkeratinized)
stratified cuboidal stratified columnar transitional |
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single layer of cells that resembles tiled floor when viewed from apical surface. Found where filtration and diffusion occur (kidneys, lungs)
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simple squamous epithelium
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The simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels is
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endothelium
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simple squamous epithelium that form the epithelial layer of serous membranes is
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mesothelium
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Unlike other epithelial tissues, which arise from embryonic ______ or _______, endothelium and mesothelium both are derived from embryonic _______
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ectoderm or endoderm
mesoderm |
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modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surfaces. Before release, mucus accumulates in the upper portion of cell, causing it to bulge out
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goblet cells
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cells in apical layer are flat and keratinized, deep layers are nonkeratinized and can be cuboidal or columnar
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stratified squamous
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tough fibrous protein that helps protect skin from heat, microbes, and chemicals
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keratin
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collecting and microscopically examining epithelial cells that have sloughed off the apical layer of tissue
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Papaniclaou test or Pap smear
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Rare type of tissue with two or more layers. Protective but also functions in secretion and absorption
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stratified cuboidal
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Uncommon tissue where the basal layer consist of shortened, irreg shaped cells, only the apical layer has columnar cells. Functions in protection and secretion
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stratified columnar
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line GI tract from stomach to anus, ducts of many glands, and gallbladder. Functions in secretion and absorption
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nonciliated simple columnar
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Lines a few portions of upper respiratory tract, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, central canal of spinal cord. Functions in moving mucus and other substances by ciliary action
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ciliated simple columnar
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nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces, such as lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis and vagina, and covers the tongue. Functions in protection
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous
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Found in ducts of adult sweat glands, esophageal glands, and part of male urethra. Functions in protection and limited secretion / absorption
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stratified cuboidal
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Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra. Permits distention
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Transitional
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lines the airways of most of upper respiratory tract. Functions in secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis. Functions in secretion
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Pseudostratified nonciliated columnar
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Found in pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands near larynx, adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus in thoracic cavity. Produces hormones that regulate body activities
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Glandular epithelium (Endocrine glands)
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Found in sweat, oil, and earwax glands of skin; salivary glands, pancreas. Produce mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes
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glandular epithelium (Exocrine glands)
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consist of single cell of group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood
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gland
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Secretions of __________ enter interstitial fluid then diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct
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endocrine glands
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secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium. Ex: sweat glands and salivary glands
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Exocrine glands
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A single celled exocrine gland
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unicellular gland
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If the gland of a multicellular gland does not branch it is a ________. If it branches, it is a ________
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simple gland
compound gland |
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Exocrine gland made up of secretory cells that remain intact throughout formation and discharge of the secretory product, as in salivary and pancreatic glands
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Merocrine gland
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Exocrine gland in which the secretory products gather at the free end of the secreting cell and are pinched off, along with some cytoplasm, to become the secretion, as in mammary glands
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Apocrine glands
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Exocrine gland that accumulates secretory product in cytosol, as the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product. Ex: sebaceous gland of skin
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Holocrine gland
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One of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body
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connective tissue
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tissue that lines joint cavities
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areolar connective tissue
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The ground substance and fibers between cells in connective tissue
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Matrix
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Connective tissues are usually ______________, with the exception of cartilage which is _________ and tendons which have scanty blood supply
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highly vascular
cartilage |
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Large flat cell that secretes most of the matrix material of areolar and dense connective tissues
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Fibroblast
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Phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte. Mat be fixed or wandering
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Macrophage
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small cells that develop from a type of WBC called a B lymphocyte. Secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body
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Plasma cells
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abundant along blood vessels that supply connective tissue. Produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response
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Mast cells
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connective tissue cells that store triglycerides. Found below the skin and around some organs
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Adipocytes
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viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubes joints, and helps maintain shape of eyeballs.
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Hyaluronic acid
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White blood cells, sperm cells, and some bacteria produce _________, an enzyme that breaks apart hyaluronic acid, causing the ground substance to become more liquid.
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Hyaluronidase
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Ground substance that provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels.
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Chondroitin sulfate
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Ground substance in blood vessels and heart valves
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Dermatin sulfate
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Ground substance in bone, cartilage and cornea of eyes
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Keratan sulfate
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3 types of fibers embedded in the matrix between cells
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collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
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very strong and resist pulling forces, but are not stiff which promotes tissue flexability
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collagen
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The most abundant protein in the body, consisting of about 25% of total proteins. Found in high numbers in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
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collagen
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consist of protein elastin surrounded by the glycoprotein fibrillin. Strong and can be stretched 150% before breaking. Have the ability to return to normal shape after stretching- called elasticity.
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Elastic fibers
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collagen arranged in fine bundles and coating of glycoprotein, provise support in walls of blood vessels and form network around cells in areolar, adipose, and smooth muscle tissue. Plentiful in many soft organs.
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Reticular fibers
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inherited disorder caused by defective fibrillin gene. Tissues rich in elastic fibers become malformed and weakened. Most life threatening complication is weakening of the aorta. Tall person with disproportionally long arms, legs, fingers, toes
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Marfan syndrome
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tissue present primarily in the embryo and fetus til birth
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Embryonic connective tissue
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developing human from fertilization through the first two months of pregnancy
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embryo
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the developing human from the third month of pregnancy til birth
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fetus
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tissue from which all other connective tissues eventually arise
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mesenchyme
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connective tissue found mainly in the umbilical cord of the fetus
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mucous connective tissue OR
Wharton's Jelly |
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2 major subclasses of connective tissue
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embryonic and mature
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Types of loose connective tissue
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adipose
areolar reticular |
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Found in SQ layer of skin, papillary (superficial) region of dermis, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. Functions in strength, elasticity, and support
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areolar connective tissue
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Found in SQ layer of skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket. Functions in reducing heat loss through skin, energy reserve, supports, protects.
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Adipose tissue
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Found around Stroma (supporting framework) of liver spleen, and lymph nodes. Red bone marrow, around blood vessels and muscles. Functions in forming stroma of organs, binds together smooth muscle cells, filters and removes worn out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in Lymph nodes
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Reticular connective tissue
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Forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons attaching muscle to muscle or muscle to bone). Provides strong attachments
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Dense regular connective tissue
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Found in fasciae, reticular (deeper) region of dermis, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs, pericardium of heart, heart valves. Functions to provide strength.
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and ligaments between vertebrae. Allows stretching of various organs
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elastic connective tissue
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found on ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and embryonic and fetal skeleton. Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints as well as flexibility and support.
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Hyaline cartilage
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Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, partions of tendons that insert into cartilage. Provides support and fusion
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Fibrocartilage
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The strength of cartilage is due to it's collagen fibers, but it's resilience comes from ______
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chondroitin sulfate
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dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate.
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cartilage
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epiglottis, part of external ear (auricle), and auditory (Eustachian( tubes. Provides support and maintains shape
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elastic cartilage
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Cells of mature cartilage
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chondrocytes
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A membrane of dense irregular connective tissue called ______ covers the surface of most cartilage
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perichondrium
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2 basic patterns of cartilage growth
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Interstitial growth
Appositional growth |
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cartilage increases rapidly in size due to division of chondrocytes and deposition of matrix by chondrocytes. Occurs while cartilage is young and pliable, during childhood and adolescence
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interstitial growth
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activity of cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Continues through starts and continues through adolescence
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appositional growth
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membrane that lines space within bone that stores yellow bone marrow
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endosteum
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The basic unit of compact bone is
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an osteon or Haversian system
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What are the 4 parts of an osteon?
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Lamellae
Lacunae Canaliculi Central (Haversian) canal |
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concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts, which gives bone it's hardness, and collagen fibers, which gives it strength
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lamellae
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_______ are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called _________
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lacunae
osteocytes |
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project from lacunae. Networks of small canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Provide route for nutrients to reach osteocytes and waste to leave.
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canaliculi
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contains the blood vessels and nerves in bone
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Central (Haversian) canal
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Bone that lacks osteons and consist of columns of bone called trabeculae
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Spongy bone
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connective tissue with liquid matrix called blood plasma
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blood tissue
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lines joints and contains connective tissue but no epithelium
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synovial membrane
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lines body cavities that are directly open to the exterior
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mucous membranes or mucosa
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The connective tissue layer of mucous membrane is areolar connective tissue and is called the
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lamina propria
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_______ and ________ diffuse from the lamina propria to the epithelium, whereas _______ and _______ diffuse in the opposite direction.
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Oxygen and nutrients
carbon dioxide and waste |
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lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity
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serous membrane or serosa
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Serous membrane attached to the cavity wall
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patietal layer
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Serous membrane attached to the organs inside a cavity
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visceral layer
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The mesothelium of a serous membrane secretes _________, a watery lubricating fluid that allows organs to glide easily over one another
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serous fluid
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serous membrane lining thoracic cavity and covering lungs
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pleura
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serous membrane lining the heart
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pericardium
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serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and it's organs
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peritoneum
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consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that can use ATP to generate force
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muscle tissue
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tissue that is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder
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smooth muscle
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2 cell types of nervous system
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neurons and neuroglia
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3 parts of a neuron
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cell body
dendrites axons |
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part of a neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles
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cell body
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part of neuron that is the major receiving or input portion
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dendrites
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the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue
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axon
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In some cases immature, undifferentiated cells called _______ divide to replace lost or damaged cells
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stem cells
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tissue regeneration where fibroblast synthesize collagen and other matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue, a process known as
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fibrosis
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Scar tissue can form ________, abnormal joining of tissues
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adhesions
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is haphazardly added to proteins inside and outside cells, forming irreversible cross links between adjacent protein molecules which contributes to stiffening and loss of elasticity in aging tissues
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glucose
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tissue that is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder
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smooth muscle
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2 cell types of nervous system
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neurons and neuroglia
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3 parts of a neuron
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cell body
dendrites axons |
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part of a neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles
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cell body
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part of neuron that is the major receiving or input portion
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dendrites
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the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue
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axon
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In some cases immature, undifferentiated cells called _______ divide to replace lost or damaged cells
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stem cells
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tissue regeneration where fibroblast synthesize collagen and other matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue, a process known as
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fibrosis
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Scar tissue can form ________, abnormal joining of tissues
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adhesions
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is haphazardly added to proteins inside and outside cells, forming irreversible cross links between adjacent protein molecules which contributes to stiffening and loss of elasticity in aging tissues
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glucose
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common autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and destruction of exocrine glands, especially the lacrimal (tear) glands and salivary glands.
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Sjogren's syndrome
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chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue occurring mostly in nonwhite women during their childbearing years. S and S include painful joints, low-grade fever, fatigue, mouth ulcers, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, rapid loss of scalp hair, and anorexia.
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Systemic Lupus erythematosus OR Lupus
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replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissue from an animal.
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Xenotransplantation
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