Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a multipolar neuron?
|
It is the type of neuron that all motor and association neurons are. The cell body is inside the dendrites.
|
|
|
What is the neuron that receives the impulse?
|
The post synaptic neuron.
|
|
|
What is the resting membrane potential in neurons?
|
-70 mV
|
|
|
What is an impulse?
|
An EPSP that reaches or surpasses threshhold.
|
|
|
Name 3 differences between nerve to nerve and nerve to muscle
|
1. Can synapse at dendrite, cell body, axon hillock, or end bulb.
2. The impulse is not always excitatory. 3. The new impulse affects a small part of the nerve. Local potential. |
|
|
What is repolarization?
|
When the H gates close (no more sodium coming in) and the potassium ions rush out.
|
|
|
What is the number of nerves out each side of the spinal cord?
|
31
|
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
|
-Maintains equilibrium, posture & balance.
-Compares intended movement with what is actually happening. |
|
|
What are the components of the Autonomic Nervous System?
|
The sympathetic (speeds up) and the parasympathetic
|
|
|
A stimulus from a presynaptic neuron can be ....
|
Exitatory or Inhibitory
|
|
|
Name 2 types of nerve cells
|
Neurons
Neuroglial Cells |
|
|
Name 2 types of channels.
|
Chemical channels
Electrical channels |
|
|
Name 2 types of neuroglial cells found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
|
Schwann Cells - make myelin sheath
Satellite Cells - support cell bodies in ganglia |
|
|
What is a bipolar neuron?
|
It is the type of neuron that is in all the special senses. The cell body is in between the dendrites and the end bulbs.
|
|
|
What happens when a synapse is end bulb to end bulb?
|
The response is inhibitory.
|
|
|
Name 3 Neurotransmitters.
|
ACH
Dopamine Epinephrine |
|
|
What are 2 ion channel gates in a nerve fiber?
|
M Gate - closed at rest
H Gate - open at rest |
|
|
What is a mixed nerve?
|
A Sensory and Motor Nerve together.
|
|
|
What are 2 things about the midbrain?
|
1. Controls subconcious muscle activity
2. Contains the corpora quadrigemina (reflex center where the movement of eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli) |
|
|
What are 3 functions of the nervous system?
|
Sensory
Integration Motor Response |
|
|
What are 2 areas of the cerebrum?
|
Brocas Area - production of speech
Wernickes Area - determines is a sound is speech, music or noise. |
|
|
What is a ganglion
|
A cluster of cell bodies near the spinal cord.
|
|
|
Name 4 neoroglial cells found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
|
Astrocytes - form blood brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes - make myelin sheath Microglial cells - phagocytes eat up bad stuff Epidymal cells - secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
What is a nerve fiber?
|
The Axon and its Connective Tissue (CT) wrappings. Not the cell body.
|
|
|
What is the neuron that sends an impulse?
|
A presynaptic neuron.
|
|
|
What is the electrical threshhold of a nerve cell?
|
-55 mV
|
|
|
What happens in a nonmyelinated nerve?
|
There is continuous conduction. The same process all the way down the axon.
|
|
|
What is hyperpolarization?
|
When the electrical charge goes below -70mV.
|
|
|
What happens in Parkinson's Disease?
|
The neurons in the midbrain are degenerated.
|
|
|
What is the function of the pons.
|
Bridge that connects various parts of the brain.
|
|
|
What are 2 major Descending Tracts?
|
Pyramidal Pathway-voluntary muscles movement.
Extra Pyramidal Pathway - programmed autonomic movements coordinate body movements with visual stimuli. |
|
|
Name 3 types of neuronal circuits
|
Simple Series Circuit-1 pre, 1 post
Diverging Circuit-1 pre, many post Converging Circuit-many pre, one post |
|
|
What are 3 things that protect the brain?
|
The skull, the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid.
|
|
|
Name 2 functions of the spinal cord
|
1. Highway of ascending and descending tracts
2. Integration |
|
|
What are the components of the PNS
|
The Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System
|
|
|
What is a nerve?
|
A bundle of many nerve cell fibers that run along the same path in the PNS.
|
|
|
Where do all the impulses gather to be totalled?
|
At the trigger zone.
|
|
|
What is the relative refractory period?
|
An stimulus can generate a second action potential but only with a suprathreshhold stimulus. (more than -55 mV)
|
|
|
What is an IPSP?
|
An Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (negative total)
|
|
|
Name 2 things about the thalmus
|
Relay station for sensory impulses.
Acquisition of knowledge. |
|
|
What are 5 functions of the medulla?
|
1.Receives info from cranial nerves.
2.Regulates force & rate of heartbeat 3.Adjusts rythm of breathing 4.Coordinates swallowing, sneezing, coughing, vomiting. 5.Contains pyramids where nerves cross over. |
|
|
Name 2 types of ascending tracts.
|
Spinothalmic Tract-sensory info, pain, temp, deep pressure.
Posterior Column Tract-sensory info w/awareness of movement, discriminative touch, 2 point discrimination. |
|
|
What is the CNS
|
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord |
|
|
What are 7 functions of the hypothalamus?
|
1.major regulator of homeostasis in body
2.controls the ANS (Symp and Parasymp) 3.regulates emotional/behavioralpatterns 4.contains hunger & thirst centers 5.controls body temperature 6.regulates different states of consciousness. 7.controls the pituitary gland (growth&reproduction.) |
|
|
Where is the blood brain barrier located?
|
Between the cerebrospinal fluid and the capillaries.
|
|
|
Where do sensory nerves go into the spinal cord?
|
In the dorsal root ganglion.
|
|
|
What is a unipolar neuron?
|
It is the type of neuron that all sensory neurons are like. The cell body is away from the dendrites at the ganglion.
|
|
|
What 4 places can a nerve synapse?
|
Cell body
Dendrites Axon Hillock The next end bulb |
|
|
What is summation?
|
Adding up the local potentials in the trigger zone.
|
|
|
What is the absolute refractory period?
|
There is no membrane potential and no impulse.
|
|
|
What happens in a myelinated axon?
|
There is saltatory conduction. The impulse jumps over the schwann cells to the nodes of Ranvier.
|
|
|
Pineal Gland
|
Secretes hormone called melatonin
(biological clock) |
|
|
What are the 3 layers of Connective Tissue (CT) around nerves.
|
Endoneurium - surronds each axon.
Perineurium - around fascicles. Epineurium - around whole nerve. |
|
|
Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located?
|
In the subarachnoid space.
|
|
|
What is the PNS?
|
Peripheral Nervous System
All other nerves in the body. |
|
|
What is the blood brain barrier made of?
|
Astrocytes.
|
|
|
Where do motor nerves exit the spinal cord?
|
In the ventral root.
|
|
|
What does polarized mean?
|
A cell that has membrane potential.
|
|
|
When do the H gates close?
|
at 30 mV
|
|
|
What is an EPSP?
|
An Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (positive total)
|
|
|
What are the 4 parts of the diencephalon?
|
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland |
|
|
What are the 5 components of the Reflex Arc?
|
1.Receptor - sensory neurons
2.Info taken to spinal cord 3.Integration Monosynaptic or Polysynaptic 4.Motor response 5.Effector responds appropriately. |
|
|
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
|
Dura Mater (outside)
Arachnoid (middle) Pia Mater (inside) |
|
|
What are 2 functions of the cerebrum?
|
1. Memory
2. Processing specific types of sensory integration and motor signals. |
