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147 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
active transport
Movement of a chemical by the use of energy through a gradient such as a cell membrane, in concentration or electrical potential. This movement is against a concentration or gradient moving the opposite way of diffusion.
adenosine triphosphate ATP
The major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body.
adipose tissue
A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat.
antecubital fossa
The anterior surface at the bend of the elbow.
anterior triangle
Area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible.
appendicular region
A division of the skeletal system which includes the extremities and their attachments to the body.
axial region
A division of the skeletal system, which includes the head, neck, and trunk.
axilla
The armpit.
axon
A component of the nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body.
basement membrane
The noncellular layer in epithelial cell that secures the overlying epithelial tissue.
body cavities
Hollow areas within the body that caotain organs and organ systems.
cardiac muscle
Stiated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses.
carotid triangle
Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular veins.
cartilage
Plates of shiny connective tissue that are lubricated by synovial fluid, which provides a slippery surface over which the bones may move freely.
cell membrane
A structure that surrounds protoplasm, consisting of the fatty substances that separate one cell from its neighbors; also called the plasma membrane. Approximately one-millionth of millimeter thick.
cells
The building block of all life, made up of protoplasm or cytoplasm, specialized for particular functions.
centriolis
Organelles that are essential in cell division.
chromosomes
Structures containing DNA within the cells nucleus. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
celia
Hair-like microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface.
coelom
A fluid-filled body cavity that contains organs and connective tissue.
conentration gradient
The difference in concentrations of a substance on either side of a selectively permeable membrane.
cranial cavity
The hollow portion of the skull.
crenation
Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis.
cuboidal
Rows of square-shaped epithelial cells.
cytoplasm
A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called protoplasm.
dendrite
A component of the nerve cell that receives electrical impulses and conducts them toward the cell body.
deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell's nucleus.
diaphoresis
sweating
diffusion
Movement of particles or solutes from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
diploid
The two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set donated by each parent, found in all cells, except sperm and ova cells, which only contain a total of 23 chromosomes.
dysrhythmias
Potentially life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances.
electrolytes
Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (ie, water). Chemicals dissolved in the blood.
electrons
Negatively charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom.
element
The smallest unit of a single chemical substance, such as hydrogen, oxygen, or potassium.
endocytosis
The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cell's protoplasm. Endocytosis of solid particles is called phagocytosis, "cell eating." Endocytosis of liquid is called pinocytosis, "cell drinking."
endoplasmic reticulum
A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured.
exocytosis
The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles. Vesicles which than move to the cell membrane, eliminating the contents of the vesicle from the cell.
extracellular
Substances located outside of the cell membrane.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body's supply of sodium is contained.
facilitated diffusion
A process whereby a carrier molecule moves substance in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration, energy is not required.
filtration
A process of the movement of water out of plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space, caused by blood pressure or hydrostatic pressure pushing the water out. The water is pulled back in the capillary by opposing pressure called oncotic force.
flagellum
A tail-like microtubule structure capable of motion to propel the cell.
fontanels
Areas in the infant's skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed.
girdles
Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body.
Golgi complex
A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins.
haploid
The 23 chromosomes found in a sperm or ova cell.
hemothorax
An abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural cavity folloing trauma.
homeostasis
The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiologic environment.
hydrostatic pressure
Blood pressure in the vessel walls created by the heart beating pushes the water out of the capillary into the interstitial space.
hyperkalemia
Abnormal elevation of serum potassium levels.
hypernatremia
An abnormally high sodium level in the blood.
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC)
A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in marked hyperglycemia but the absence of ketones and acidosis.
hypertonic
A solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of body fluid (ie. a cell placed in the solution will shrink).
hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose concentrations resulting in symptoms such as rapid respirations; pale, moist skin, and dizziness.
hypokalemia
Abnormally decreased potassium levels in the blood.
hyponatremia
An abnormally low sodium level in the blood.
hypotonic
A solution with an osmotic pressure less than that of body fluid (ie, a cell placed in the solution will shrink).
hypoxia
A state of decreased oxygenation.
integument
Skin, the covering of the body surface.
intracellular
Substance, such as the organelles, that are found inside the cell membrane.
intracellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid within cells in which most of the body's supply of potassium is contained.
involuntary
Not normally under conscious control, as in muscle.
ion channel
Protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized for each substance, which allow electrolyte movements among the cells.
isotonic
A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the cells and body fluids (ie. a cell placed in the solution will neither shrink nor swell).
joint
The point where two or more bones come together, allowing movement to occur.
Krebs cycle
A sequence of reactions in an organism in which oxidation of acids provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in ATP); also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
ligaments
Tough white bands of tissue that bind joints together, connecting bone to cartilage.
lipid bilayer
The double layer of fatty components that create the outside of the cell membrane. This composition enables the cell to live in aqueous environment but still have permeability properties.
lysis
The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis.
lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functions as a cell's digestive system.
mediastinum
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels.
meiosis
A specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova.
myoclonus
Abnormally and persistent muscle spasms.
neuroglia
Collectively, the name for the connective and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue.
neuron
The main functional unit of the nervous system.
neutrons
Uncharged particles that are part of the make up of an atom.
nonstriated
Smooth muscle tissue.
nuclear envelope
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell.
nucleoli
Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins.
nucleus
The nerve center, or central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm.
oncotic force
An opposing pressure to hydrostatic pressure, it pulls water back into the capillary from the interstitial space in an effort to create balance.
organ
Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function.
organelles
The internal structures within the cell.
organism
Any living thing considered as a whole, made up of various organ systems.
organ system
A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles, circulatory, and respiratory systems, among others.
osmosis
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.
osmotic pressure
The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane.
oxidative metabolism
A process in which oxygen is used chemically to produce energy from carbohydrates.
parietal portion
The portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities.
pericardial cavity
The region around the heart.
pericadial effusion
An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac.
pericardial sac
The fluid-filled potential space between the layers of pericardium.
pericardial tamponade
A condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the heart's stroke volume.
pericardium
The serous membranes that surround the heart.
periosteum
The membrane that covers the bons of the skull and all other bones, except at articular surfaces.
peripheral nerves
The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine.
peritonitis
The inflammation of the peritoneum.
phagocytosis
Endocytosis involving solid particles, "cell eating."
pinocytosis
Endocytosis involving liquid, "cell drinking."
pleura
Serous membranes surrounding the lungs.
pleural cavity
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
pleural effusion
An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity.
pleural fluid
The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural cavity.
pneumothorax
An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural cavity.
popliteal fossa
The space behind the knee.
posterior triangle
Area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and portion of subclavian artery.
protons
Positively charged particles that are part of the make-up of an atom.
protoplasm
A viscous liquid matrix that supports all interal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm.
pseudostratified epithelium
A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface.
remodeling
Replacing dead cells with new cells on an ongoing basis.
retroperitoneal organs
The organs and major blood vessels located in the retroperitoneal space.
retroperitoneal space
Area located posterior to the parietal peritoneum that contains the kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, and major blood vessels.
ribonucleic acid RNA
Nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracial as structural components and are associated with controlling celluar activities.
ribosomes
Organelles that contain RNA and protein. The interact with RNA from other parts of the cell to join amino acids together to form proteins.
selective permeability
Allowing some but not all substances to pass through a membrane to maintain homeostasis.
serous membrane
A specialized form of thin connective tissue that is broken into two layers: the parietal portion and the visceral portion.
serum osmolaity
The number of osmotically active particles in serum.
simple epithelium
A single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell.
skeletal muscle
Striated voluntary muscle used to move the body parts.
skeletal system
The 206 bones that form the foundation and frame of the body.
skull
The protective vault that houses the brain and is composed of the cranium and facial bones.
smooth muscle
Nonstriated involuntary muscle found in vessel walls, glands, and GI tract.
sodium-potassium exchange pump
A mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells.
solutes
Particles, such as salts, that are dissolved in a solvent.
Spinal cavity
The spinal column or vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord.
spindle fibers
Microtubules radiating from the centrioles.
squamous
Flat sheets of epithelial cells.
stratified epithelium
More than one layer of cells, only one of which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell.
striated
Muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary, such as cardiac muscle.
synovial fluid
Lubricating fluid found in a joint.
tachycardia
A rapid pulse rate.
tachypnea
A rapid respiratory rate.
tendons
Tough cords or bands of dense white fibrous connective tissue that are continous with the periosteum of the bone. Connecting muscle to bone.
tissue
Groups of similar cells that work together.
transitional epithelium
Layers of statified cells that change shape from cuboidal to squamous when the organ is stretched.
umbilicus
The navel.
vertebral column
The backbone, composed of the vertebrae, through which the spinal cord travels.
visceral portion
The portion of serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ.
voluntary
Consciously controlled, as in skeletal muscle tissue.
What are the building blocks of the body?
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human body.
List the ways material pass through a cell membrane:
Several mechanisms, such as diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
mitochondria
Small rod-like organelles that function as the metabolic center of the cell and produce ATP using the process of oxidative metabolism.
microtubules
Hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell (ie. cilia, and flagellum).
mitosis
The division of one cell into two genetically identical and equal daughter cells.
What are the two cell division processes called?
Mitosis and Meiosis
List the four types of tissue:
epithelial,connective, muscle, and nerve.
List the organ systems of the body:
integumentary, special sensory, lymphatic, endocrine, immune, reproductive, urinary, gastrointestinal, nervous, respiratory, circulatory, and musculoskeletal systems.