Anatomy And Physiology Midterm

Front 1

circulatory

Back 1

(cardiovascular)
blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients. Heart pumps blood. Lungs transport gases

Front 2

digestive

Back 2

breaks food down to absorbable units that enter blood. Indegestable material becomes feces.

Front 3

endocrine

Back 3

glands secrete hormones
-growth, reproduction, metabolism

Front 4

excretory

Back 4

excretes wastes through kidneys and bladder

Front 5

integumentary

Back 5

external body covering
protect from injury, produce vitamin D, cutaneous

Front 6

lymphatic

Back 6

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns. houses white blood cells

Front 7

muscular

Back 7

allows manipulation of environmen, locomotion, facial expression, posture, heat

Front 8

nervous

Back 8

fast actng control system. internal and external changes. activates muscles and glands

Front 9

reproductive

Back 9

production of offspring

Front 10

skeletal

Back 10

protects and supports organs. framework for muscles. produces blood cells and stores minerals

Front 11

respiratory

Back 11

lungs

Front 12

superior

Back 12

toward head end or upper part of body; above

Front 13

inferior

Back 13

away from head end or toward lower part; below

Front 14

medial

Back 14

midline of body; inner side of

Front 15

lateral

Back 15

away from midline; outer side of

Front 16

anterior

Back 16

toward front of body; in front of

Front 17

posterior

Back 17

toward backside of body; behind

Front 18

superficial

Back 18

toward or at the body surface

Front 19

deep

Back 19

away from the body surface; more internal

Front 20

proximal

Back 20

close to origin of body or point of attachment of limb to body trunk

Front 21

distal

Back 21

farther from origin or point of attachment of limb to body trunk

Front 22

anatomical position

Back 22

standing up
face front
body erect
feet parallel
arms hanging at side
palms facing forward

Front 23

anatomical position

Back 23

standing up
face front
body erect
parallel legs
arms handing at sides
palms facing forward

Front 24

anatomy

Back 24

study of structure and shape of body and body parts and their relationship to one another

Front 25

atmospheric pressure

Back 25

exact pressure needed for exchange of gases and breathing

Front 26

control center

Back 26

determines level(set point)at which variable must be maintained, analyzes info, and determines response

Front 27

digestion

Back 27

breaking down ingested food for delivery to all body cells

Front 28

effector

Back 28

provides means for contrl center's response to the stimulus. info flows along efferent pathway

Front 29

excretion

Back 29

removing wastes from body

Front 30

homeostasis

Back 30

the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even if outside world is changing

Front 31

metabolism

Back 31

all chemical reactions that occur within the body. regulated chiefly by glands and hormones

Front 32

movement

Back 32

all activities promoted by muscular system

Front 33

negative feedback

Back 33

depresses the stimulus so that it shhuts off and results are reversed

Front 34

physiology

Back 34

the study of how the body and its parts work and function

Front 35

positive feedback

Back 35

enhances the stimulus so the reaction continues at a faster rate

Front 36

receptor

Back 36

notices changes in the environment and sends stimulus to control center

Front 37

amino acids

Back 37

the building blocks of proteins. made o an amino group, R group, carboxyl group, hydrogen

Front 38

ATP

Back 38

provides chemical energy for all body cells

Front 39

BUffers

Back 39

resists pH changes in body

Front 40

carbohydrates

Back 40

include sugars, starches
contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
found in rings

Front 41

carboxyl Group

Back 41

the accid group that is COOH

Front 42

catalyst

Back 42

an enzyme that speeds up chemical reactions

Front 43

enzyme

Back 43

protein catalyst

Front 44

fibrous protein

Back 44

structural protein
bind structures together and provide strength in tissues

Front 45

globular protein

Back 45

mobile molecules
do things instead of just being structures
enzymes, antibodies, hormones

Front 46

functional group

Back 46

R-group
makes the protein unique

Front 47

high heat capacity

Back 47

water has high heat capacity that allows it to not boil in hot temperatures and not freeze in low temperatures

Front 48

matter

Back 48

the "stuff" of the universe

Front 49

neutral fat

Back 49

tri-glycerides
made of fatty acids and glycerol

Front 50

nucleic acid

Back 50

building bloc of DNA
nucleotides have nitrogen base, pentose, phosphate group

Front 51

organic

Back 51

molecule that contains carbon

Front 52

physical

Back 52

physical changes do not alter the chemical makeup of a chemical

Front 53

Protein

Back 53

makes up most of organic matter in body
made of amino acid chains or polypeptide chains
with proper folding it becomes protein

Front 54

Raioactive isotope

Back 54

an isotope that undergoes decay so it is radioactive and can be used for medical purposes

Front 55

steroids

Back 55

structure differs from fat but is made of fats. used to make hormones, vitamins, salts

Front 56

cytoplasm

Back 56

callular material outside the nucleus and inside plasma membrane

Front 57

golgi apparatus

Back 57

membraneous sacs
traffic director of cellular proteins. modify and package director

Front 58

lysosome

Back 58

membrane bags that contain digestive enzymes

Front 59

mitochondria

Back 59

double membrane that functions in cellular resiration

Front 60

nucleus

Back 60

center of the cell that controls mitosis, meiosis, and protein production

Front 61

ribosome

Back 61

bodies made of protein and RNA called ribosomal RNA that is the site of protein synthesis

Front 62

rough ER

Back 62

network of channels to carry proteins from on end of cell to another. folds the proteins into their 3-dimensional shapes

Front 63

smooth ER

Back 63

cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, detoxification

Front 64

vacuole

Back 64

in plant cells
large storage area

Front 65

acive transport

Back 65

cell uses ATP to transport molecules across membrane

Front 66

endocyosis

Back 66

embrane engulfs extracellular substances. uses atp to let them in

Front 67

exocytosis

Back 67

moves substance outside of cell by engulfing them

Front 68

facilitated diffusion

Back 68

substance that are too large or lipid insoluble move through channels towards concetration gradient

Front 69

osmosis

Back 69

diffusion of water

Front 70

passive transport

Back 70

objects transport towards concentration gradient without any help

Front 71

simple diffusion

Back 71

unassisted diffusion of solutes

Front 72

cutaneous

Back 72

the membrane that is the skin

Front 73

dermis

Back 73

dense fibrous connective tissue that holds body together. holds oil, sweat, glands, blood vessels

Front 74

epidermis

Back 74

upper layer of skin

Front 75

keratin

Back 75

fibrous protein that gives epidermis a tough protective layer

Front 76

melanin

Back 76

pigment protein that gives epidermis color

Front 77

serous

Back 77

line body cavities that are closed to the exterior

Front 78

synovial

Back 78

no epithelial cells
connective tissue that line fibrous capsules surrounding joints

Front 79

stratum basale

Back 79

the deepest cell layer of the epidermis

Front 80

stratum corneum

Back 80

the outermost layer of the epidermis

Front 81

stratum granulosum

Back 81

3rd layer of epidermis

Front 82

stratum lucidum

Back 82

4th layer of epidermis

Front 83

Stratum SPinosum

Back 83

2nd layer o epidermis

Front 84

Appocrine glands

Back 84

confined to axillary and genital regions of body
ducts empty to hair follicles

Front 85

athlete's foot

Back 85

itchy condition between the toes that is a result of fungus infection

Front 86

cold sores

Back 86

caused by herpes virus around the mouth
deposits in mucous nerve until activated where it is a blister

Front 87

contact dermatitis

Back 87

itching, swelling, redness of skin due to exposure to chemiclas

Front 88

eccrine gland

Back 88

produce sweat
most numerous throughout the body

Front 89

impetigo

Back 89

pink water filled raised legions that become crusts then burst
caused by staph infection

Front 90

keratinocytes

Back 90

cells that produce keratin

Front 91

melanocytes

Back 91

cells that produce melanin

Front 92

rule of nines

Back 92

used to determine the extent to which a person is burned

Front 93

1st degree burn

Back 93

only epidermis
red
heals in one week

Front 94

2nd degree burn

Back 94

epidermis and upper dermis
forms a blister

Front 95

3rd degree burn

Back 95

entire skin
no pain at beginning
leaves scars

Front 96

basal cell carcinoma

Back 96

most common skin cancer
from stratum basale

Front 97

appendicular skeleton

Back 97

the bones of the limbs an girdles

Front 98

articular cartilage

Back 98

hyline cartilage
abundant collagen fibers
larynx, ribs, ends of bones where they meet joints

Front 99

axial skeleton

Back 99

the longitudinal axis of the body

Front 100

compact

Back 100

dense, hard, smooth, homogenous

Front 101

diaphysis

Back 101

the shaft that makes up most of the bone's length

Front 102

epiphysial plate

Back 102

cause the lengthwise growth of long bones

Front 103

Epiphysis

Back 103

at the ends of the long bone
thin layer of compact bone covering an area filled with spongy bone

Front 104

flat bone

Back 104

thin, flattened, curved bones. made of two layers of compact bone between layer of spongy. skull, ribs, sternum

Front 105

haversian canal

Back 105

system of interconnecting canals. unit of bone

Front 106

lacunae

Back 106

where the osteocytes are found
tiny cavities withing the matrix

Front 107

medullary Cavity

Back 107

yellow marrow
storage area for adipose tissue

Front 108

open fractures

Back 108

the bone sticks out
severe

Front 109

ossification

Back 109

formation of bone
1. hyline cartilage completely covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts
2. hyline cartilage is digested opening up a medullary cavity

Front 110

osteoblast

Back 110

bone forming cells

Front 111

osteoclast

Back 111

bone destroying cells

Front 112

periosteum

Back 112

connective tissue membrane that covers diaphysis

Front 113

short bone

Back 113

cube shaped and contain mostly spongy bone

Front 114

spongy bone

Back 114

lots of open space
light
composed of small needlelike pieces of bone

Front 115

volkmann's canal

Back 115

communication pathway between the outside and inside of a bone. RUn at right angles with the compact bone

Front 116

I band

Back 116

-light band
-z disk

Front 117

acetylcholine

Back 117

neurotransmitter that signals muscles to contract

Front 118

actin

Back 118

thing filaments that get pulled into m line

Front 119

cardiac muscle

Back 119

muscles of the heart that are involuntary and are striated

Front 120

crossbridge

Back 120

when a contraction occurs and the thin filaments are pulled into are inbetween

Front 121

endomysium

Back 121

connective tissue that that encloses each muscle fiber

Front 122

epimysium

Back 122

covers the entire muscle
connective tissue

Front 123

Fascile

Back 123

several muscle fibers

Front 124

H-zone

Back 124

the midline of the muscle fiber
interrupts a(dark zone)with light pattern

Front 125

M-line

Back 125

the midline of the myofibril

Front 126

Myosin

Back 126

the thick filament that pulls the thing filament

Front 127

Sarcollema

Back 127

the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

Front 128

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 128

smooth endoplasmic reticulum
releases calcium

Front 129

skeletal muscle

Back 129

striated
voluntary
varied contration rate

Front 130

smooth muscle

Back 130

non striated
involuntary

Front 131

z-disk

Back 131

interrupts the I line with a dark pattern

Front 132

Adipose

Back 132

areolar tissue containing fat cells
beneath skin for insulation and protection

Front 133

Areolar

Back 133

cobwebby tissue
holds internal organs together
water and salt source

Front 134

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 134

one layer
basement membrane
found in glands and thier ducts
kidney tubules
ovary surface

Front 135

Bone

Back 135

cell sits in cavity surrounded by matrix that contains calcium and collagen
protection and support

Front 136

Elastic Cartilage

Back 136

where elasticity needed
outer ear

Front 137

Fibrocartilage

Back 137

vertebral discs

Front 138

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 138

single layer
goblet cells(secrete mucous)
lines digestive tract

Front 139

simple squamous epithelium

Back 139

one layer sits on basement membrane
filtration rapidly
creates slick surface

Front 140

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 140

most common stratified
esophagus, mouth, skin

Front 141

transitional

Back 141

lines urinary system
stretch and change shape
modified stratified squamous epithelium