• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/90

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
BONE TISSUE:

Describe the structure and tell the location of the two kinds of bone tissue, namely compact (dense) and spongy (cancellous).
Compact has a circular lamellae. It is the outer layer (superficial) of the bone.

Spony has no osteons; it has trabeculae; sponge like look; inner (deep) area of the bone; ends of the bone; inside; it's where the marrow is found.
COMPACT (DENSE) BONE TISSUE:

Osteons are typical of what kind of bone?
Compact
What are the layers of minerals in an osteon called?
Lamella
What brings nutrients to bone cells?
The central canal; blood vessels.
What are found in lacunae?
Osteocytes; bone cells.
What do canaliculi join?
They are glands that join bone cells to the central canal.
What does the central canal contain?
Blood in blood vessels.
Does the Haversian canal extend LENGTH or width of the bone?
Length.
Do the Volksmans canals extend the length or the WIDTH of a bone?
Width.
Locate the epiphysis of a bone? The diaphysis?
Epiphysis-the ends of the bone.

Diaphysis-shaft of a bone.
Define hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis:
The production of blood cells; blood cell formation. In ends of long bones; illium; sternum.

When the RBC is down your kidneys make hormone called erythropoietion (RBC formation).
What tissue forms the perichondrium and periosteum?
Dense irregular connective tissue (on the outside of bones and cartilage).

Deep fascia is over the muscles.
What is necessary for the repair of bone?
The periosteum; osteoprogenitor. The osterogenic layer (inner layer of periosteum).
What are the articular cartilages located?
Around the ends of long bones; hyaline cartilage.
What disorder involves the degeneration of articular cartilages?
Osteoarthritis.
What causes the degeneration?
Wear and tear; use.
What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disease (production of anti-bodies that destroy your own body); inflammation of synovial membrane.
Where is fat found in the skeletal system?
The medullary cavity of long bones; marrow cavity.
What bone cells are involved in the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood?
Osteocyte (mature).

The the osteogenic layer there are 4 types, 3 are a continuum of each other.

Osteoproginator->osteoblast (make bone marrow)->osteocyte

Osteoclast: breakdown of bone (bone breakdown).
BONE DEVELOPMENT:

List the two types of bone development.
Endochondral Ossification: in cartilage; hyaline cartilage.

Intramembranous Ossification: bone forms in memebrane; Areolar Connective Tissue (aka Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue).
Are bones formed endochondrally different in structure from bones formed intramembranously?
NO.
Which method forms most of the bones of the human?
Endochondral Ossification.
Which method uses a cartilage model for bone formation?
Endochondral Ossification.
Which method uses sheets of fibrous connective tissue?
Intramembranous Ossification.
Name bones made by each method.
Intramembranous: skull, mandible, clavicle.

Endochondral: all other bones.
How are skulls bones formed?
Intramembranously.
In endochondral bone development, where is the primary center of ossification?
In the diaphysis.
Ossification in males is usually complete by what age?
25.
What are bone cells destroyed by?
Osteoclasts; the have several nuclei.
What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?
Growth of bone; in length.
Where are these plates located?
In the epiphysis; end of the bones.
What is the epiphyseal line?
Solid line in bone; where the growth plate was.
The death of chondocytes leads to the hollowing out of the center of the bone and the formation of what?
Medullary or Marrow cavity.
Appositional growth involves what?
Growth of the width or thickness of the bone.
Does bone change once it is formed?
Yes; all the time.
Bone is remodeled along the lines of what?
Stress, force, demands of gravity, etc.
When does bone development begin in the embryo?
During the fetal period; aobut 7.5 weeks (nervous system; 8 wks).
What hormones stimulate bone growth before puberty?
The "growth hormone"; Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; Thyroid Hormones, T3 & T4.
During puberty?
Sex hormones; estrogen and testosterone.
The growth spurt is a result of what?
Increase of sex hormones.
List changes that occur with aging of bone.
Loss of calcium, loss of bone mass; Osteoporosis (Pagets disease)-in spongy bone.
FRACTURES:

Define simple fracture?
The complete break of a bone.
Compound fracture?
A complete break; the bone comes through the skin.
Greenstick fracture?
A partial bone break; one side.
Sprain?
Ligament stretched or town; joint stays in alignment.
Dislocation?
Bones forced out of alignment.
List the four shapes of bones and give an example of each shape.
Long bones: femur, humerus, tibia, etc.

Short bones: wrist and ankle bones.

Flat bones: sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bones; the backs and fronts run parallel.

Irregular bones: vertebrae, hip bones, etc.
Locate the axial and appendicular skeltons; list the bones.
Axial: long axis of the body, skull, vertebra column, rib cage.

Apendicular: everything else; including the hip, clavicle.
What is a projection from a bone called?
A process.
What is the name for a hole in a bone?
A foramen.
What are small round processes called?
Tubercles.
What is a condyle?
A rounded articular projection; helps form joints.
Where would you find a trochater?
The femur; it is a large projection.
VERTEBRAE:

How can you tell the difference between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?
Cervical: large foramen (hole).

Thoracic: facets on the transverse processes (projection).

Lumbar: thin and tapered transverse process.
List the kinds of vertebrae and the number of each. List them in order from superior to inferior.
Cervical: C1-C7; cervical curvature; convex anteriorly.

Thoracic: T1-T12; thoracic curvature; concave anteriorly.

Lumbar: L1-L5; lumbar curvature; convex anteriorly.

Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae; concave anteriorly.

Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae; concave anteriorly.
What part of the vertebrae supports the weight of the body?
Thoracic; the body of the vertebrae.
The spinal cord goes through what part of the vertebrae?
The foramen.
The spinal cord goes through what part of the skull?
Foramen magnum.
Which is the largest and strongest separate (not fused) vertebrae?
The lumbar.
What is located between the bodies of vertebrae?
Intervertebral discs; fibrocartilage.
What part of the sacrum is used to measure the inlet of the pelvis?
The sacral promontory.
How are male and female pelvi (coxal bone) different?
Male: pubic arch is more acute (50-60 degree angle); pelvic inlet is heart shaped.

Female: pubic arch is broader; 80-90 degree angle.. Pelvic inlet is oval shaped; wider side to side.
What causes death from whiplash?
The dens (odontoid process of the C2, axis) is forced into the brain (medulla-heart rate, blood pressure, breathing).
OTHER BONES OF THE SKELETON:

The olfactory nerve goes through what bone in the skull?
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone.
The covering of the brain (the dura) attaches to what part of the skull?
Crista Galli of the ethmoid bone.
What is usually broken when a person breaks a hip?
The anatomical neck of the femur.
What part of the coxal bone do you sit on?
The Ischial Tuberosity.
Locate the true, false and floating ribs.
True ribs, have their own cartilage: 1-7

False ribs, share some cartilage: 8-12

Floating ribs, no cartilage, they are attached to the sternum: 11 & 12
Where are the costal cartilages?
The cartilage joint that joins the ribs to the sternum.
Do males have the same number of ribs as females?
Yes.
JOINTS:
Diarthroses/arthritic-synovial joints; freely movable; limbs.

Synarthroses/arthritic-sutures; immovable joints; skull.

Amphiarthroses/arthritic-slightly movable; spinal column.
Synovial joints:
A synovial joint has a joint cavity; articular cartilages; articular capsule made of synovial fluid and reinforcing ligaments.
Describe the motion of the ball and socket.
Mutiaxial; flexion/extension; abduction/adduction.
Describe the motion of the hinge joint.
Flexion and extension only.
Which joint has the greatest range of motion?
Ball and socket joint.
Name some examples of a hinge joint.
Elbow & knee.
What joint is triaxial?
Ball and socket joint.
Most knee injuries involve the stretch of what ligament?
Anterior cruciate ligament.
What is a meniscus?
Fibrocartilage in the knee or jaw joint.
What is the function of a meniscus?
Reduce wear & tear; make more stable.
Torn cartilages usually involve which cartilage, articular or menisci?
Menisci.
What is the function of a bursa?
To reduce friction.
What are they filled with?
Synovial fluid.
Are bursas fat filled?
No; they are found outside of the articular capsule.
Distinguish between a ligament and a tendon.
Tendon-connects muscle to bone.

Ligament-connects bone to bone.
What makes synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane.
Does the synovial membrane cover the articular cartilage?
No; only up to it.
Does the fluid become more viscous (thicker) or thinner with increased motion?
Thinner.
Give examples of the following:
Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction.
Flexion-a decreased angle between bones; out of anatomical position; bending knee or elbow; anterior or posterior direction.

Extention: increased angle between bones; putting body back into anatomical position; straightening knee or elbow.

Abduction: "moving away"; increased angle; raising the arm laterally.

Adduction: "moving toward"; decreased angle; lowering arms toward median.
Which of these actions will increase the angle between the bones?
Extension; Abduction.