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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
BONE TISSUE:
Describe the structure and tell the location of the two kinds of bone tissue, namely compact (dense) and spongy (cancellous). |
Compact has a circular lamellae. It is the outer layer (superficial) of the bone.
Spony has no osteons; it has trabeculae; sponge like look; inner (deep) area of the bone; ends of the bone; inside; it's where the marrow is found. |
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COMPACT (DENSE) BONE TISSUE:
Osteons are typical of what kind of bone? |
Compact
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What are the layers of minerals in an osteon called?
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Lamella
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What brings nutrients to bone cells?
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The central canal; blood vessels.
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What are found in lacunae?
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Osteocytes; bone cells.
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What do canaliculi join?
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They are glands that join bone cells to the central canal.
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What does the central canal contain?
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Blood in blood vessels.
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Does the Haversian canal extend LENGTH or width of the bone?
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Length.
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Do the Volksmans canals extend the length or the WIDTH of a bone?
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Width.
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Locate the epiphysis of a bone? The diaphysis?
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Epiphysis-the ends of the bone.
Diaphysis-shaft of a bone. |
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Define hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis:
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The production of blood cells; blood cell formation. In ends of long bones; illium; sternum.
When the RBC is down your kidneys make hormone called erythropoietion (RBC formation). |
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What tissue forms the perichondrium and periosteum?
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Dense irregular connective tissue (on the outside of bones and cartilage).
Deep fascia is over the muscles. |
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What is necessary for the repair of bone?
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The periosteum; osteoprogenitor. The osterogenic layer (inner layer of periosteum).
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What are the articular cartilages located?
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Around the ends of long bones; hyaline cartilage.
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What disorder involves the degeneration of articular cartilages?
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Osteoarthritis.
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What causes the degeneration?
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Wear and tear; use.
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What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
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Autoimmune disease (production of anti-bodies that destroy your own body); inflammation of synovial membrane.
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Where is fat found in the skeletal system?
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The medullary cavity of long bones; marrow cavity.
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What bone cells are involved in the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood?
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Osteocyte (mature).
The the osteogenic layer there are 4 types, 3 are a continuum of each other. Osteoproginator->osteoblast (make bone marrow)->osteocyte Osteoclast: breakdown of bone (bone breakdown). |
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BONE DEVELOPMENT:
List the two types of bone development. |
Endochondral Ossification: in cartilage; hyaline cartilage.
Intramembranous Ossification: bone forms in memebrane; Areolar Connective Tissue (aka Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue). |
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Are bones formed endochondrally different in structure from bones formed intramembranously?
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NO.
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Which method forms most of the bones of the human?
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Endochondral Ossification.
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Which method uses a cartilage model for bone formation?
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Endochondral Ossification.
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Which method uses sheets of fibrous connective tissue?
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Intramembranous Ossification.
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Name bones made by each method.
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Intramembranous: skull, mandible, clavicle.
Endochondral: all other bones. |
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How are skulls bones formed?
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Intramembranously.
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In endochondral bone development, where is the primary center of ossification?
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In the diaphysis.
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Ossification in males is usually complete by what age?
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25.
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What are bone cells destroyed by?
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Osteoclasts; the have several nuclei.
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What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?
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Growth of bone; in length.
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Where are these plates located?
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In the epiphysis; end of the bones.
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What is the epiphyseal line?
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Solid line in bone; where the growth plate was.
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The death of chondocytes leads to the hollowing out of the center of the bone and the formation of what?
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Medullary or Marrow cavity.
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Appositional growth involves what?
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Growth of the width or thickness of the bone.
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Does bone change once it is formed?
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Yes; all the time.
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Bone is remodeled along the lines of what?
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Stress, force, demands of gravity, etc.
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When does bone development begin in the embryo?
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During the fetal period; aobut 7.5 weeks (nervous system; 8 wks).
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What hormones stimulate bone growth before puberty?
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The "growth hormone"; Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; Thyroid Hormones, T3 & T4.
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During puberty?
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Sex hormones; estrogen and testosterone.
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The growth spurt is a result of what?
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Increase of sex hormones.
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List changes that occur with aging of bone.
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Loss of calcium, loss of bone mass; Osteoporosis (Pagets disease)-in spongy bone.
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FRACTURES:
Define simple fracture? |
The complete break of a bone.
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Compound fracture?
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A complete break; the bone comes through the skin.
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Greenstick fracture?
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A partial bone break; one side.
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Sprain?
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Ligament stretched or town; joint stays in alignment.
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Dislocation?
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Bones forced out of alignment.
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List the four shapes of bones and give an example of each shape.
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Long bones: femur, humerus, tibia, etc.
Short bones: wrist and ankle bones. Flat bones: sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bones; the backs and fronts run parallel. Irregular bones: vertebrae, hip bones, etc. |
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Locate the axial and appendicular skeltons; list the bones.
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Axial: long axis of the body, skull, vertebra column, rib cage.
Apendicular: everything else; including the hip, clavicle. |
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What is a projection from a bone called?
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A process.
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What is the name for a hole in a bone?
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A foramen.
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What are small round processes called?
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Tubercles.
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What is a condyle?
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A rounded articular projection; helps form joints.
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Where would you find a trochater?
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The femur; it is a large projection.
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VERTEBRAE:
How can you tell the difference between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae? |
Cervical: large foramen (hole).
Thoracic: facets on the transverse processes (projection). Lumbar: thin and tapered transverse process. |
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List the kinds of vertebrae and the number of each. List them in order from superior to inferior.
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Cervical: C1-C7; cervical curvature; convex anteriorly.
Thoracic: T1-T12; thoracic curvature; concave anteriorly. Lumbar: L1-L5; lumbar curvature; convex anteriorly. Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae; concave anteriorly. Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae; concave anteriorly. |
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What part of the vertebrae supports the weight of the body?
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Thoracic; the body of the vertebrae.
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The spinal cord goes through what part of the vertebrae?
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The foramen.
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The spinal cord goes through what part of the skull?
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Foramen magnum.
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Which is the largest and strongest separate (not fused) vertebrae?
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The lumbar.
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What is located between the bodies of vertebrae?
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Intervertebral discs; fibrocartilage.
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What part of the sacrum is used to measure the inlet of the pelvis?
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The sacral promontory.
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How are male and female pelvi (coxal bone) different?
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Male: pubic arch is more acute (50-60 degree angle); pelvic inlet is heart shaped.
Female: pubic arch is broader; 80-90 degree angle.. Pelvic inlet is oval shaped; wider side to side. |
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What causes death from whiplash?
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The dens (odontoid process of the C2, axis) is forced into the brain (medulla-heart rate, blood pressure, breathing).
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OTHER BONES OF THE SKELETON:
The olfactory nerve goes through what bone in the skull? |
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone.
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The covering of the brain (the dura) attaches to what part of the skull?
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Crista Galli of the ethmoid bone.
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What is usually broken when a person breaks a hip?
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The anatomical neck of the femur.
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What part of the coxal bone do you sit on?
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The Ischial Tuberosity.
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Locate the true, false and floating ribs.
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True ribs, have their own cartilage: 1-7
False ribs, share some cartilage: 8-12 Floating ribs, no cartilage, they are attached to the sternum: 11 & 12 |
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Where are the costal cartilages?
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The cartilage joint that joins the ribs to the sternum.
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Do males have the same number of ribs as females?
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Yes.
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JOINTS:
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Diarthroses/arthritic-synovial joints; freely movable; limbs.
Synarthroses/arthritic-sutures; immovable joints; skull. Amphiarthroses/arthritic-slightly movable; spinal column. |
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Synovial joints:
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A synovial joint has a joint cavity; articular cartilages; articular capsule made of synovial fluid and reinforcing ligaments.
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Describe the motion of the ball and socket.
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Mutiaxial; flexion/extension; abduction/adduction.
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Describe the motion of the hinge joint.
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Flexion and extension only.
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Which joint has the greatest range of motion?
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Ball and socket joint.
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Name some examples of a hinge joint.
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Elbow & knee.
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What joint is triaxial?
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Ball and socket joint.
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Most knee injuries involve the stretch of what ligament?
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Anterior cruciate ligament.
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What is a meniscus?
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Fibrocartilage in the knee or jaw joint.
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What is the function of a meniscus?
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Reduce wear & tear; make more stable.
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Torn cartilages usually involve which cartilage, articular or menisci?
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Menisci.
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What is the function of a bursa?
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To reduce friction.
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What are they filled with?
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Synovial fluid.
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Are bursas fat filled?
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No; they are found outside of the articular capsule.
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Distinguish between a ligament and a tendon.
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Tendon-connects muscle to bone.
Ligament-connects bone to bone. |
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What makes synovial fluid?
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Synovial membrane.
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Does the synovial membrane cover the articular cartilage?
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No; only up to it.
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Does the fluid become more viscous (thicker) or thinner with increased motion?
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Thinner.
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Give examples of the following:
Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction. |
Flexion-a decreased angle between bones; out of anatomical position; bending knee or elbow; anterior or posterior direction.
Extention: increased angle between bones; putting body back into anatomical position; straightening knee or elbow. Abduction: "moving away"; increased angle; raising the arm laterally. Adduction: "moving toward"; decreased angle; lowering arms toward median. |
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Which of these actions will increase the angle between the bones?
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Extension; Abduction.
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