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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Gross Anatomy
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Study of the body structures visible to the naked eye
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Anatomical Position
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Body erect, with feet slighty apart, head and toes forward, arms at side with palms facing forward.
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Axial
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Relating to head, neck, and trunk; the axis of the body
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Appendicular
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Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis.
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Abdominal
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Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region.
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Acromial
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Point of the shoulder
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Antebrachial
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Forearm
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Antecubital
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Anterior surface of elbow
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Axillary
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armpit
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Brachial
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Arm
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Buccal
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Cheek
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Carpal
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Wrist
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Cervical
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Neck
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Coxal
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Hip
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Crural
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Leg
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Digital
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Fingers or toes
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Femoral
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Femur
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Fibular (peroneal)
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Side of the leg
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Frontal
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Forehead
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Hallux
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Big toe
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Inguinal
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Groin
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Mammary
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Breast
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Mental
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Chin
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Nasal
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Nose
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Oral
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Mouth
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Orbital
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Bony eye socket
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Palmar
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Palm of hand
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Pedal
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Foot
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Pelvic
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Pelvis region
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Pollex
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Thumb
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Pubic
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Genital region
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Sternal
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Breastbone
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Tarsal
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Ankle
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Thoracic
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Chest
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Umbilical
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Navel
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Acromial
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Point of shoulder
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Brachial
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Arm
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Calcaneal
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Heel of the foot
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Cephalic
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Head
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Dorsum
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Back
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Gluteal
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Buttocks
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Lumbar
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Back; between the ribs and hips
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Manus
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Hands
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Occipital
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Back of the head
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Olecranal
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Elbow
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Otic
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Ear
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Perineal
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Between anus and external genitalia
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Plantar
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Sole of the foot
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Popliteal
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Back of knee
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Sacral
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Between the hips; overlaying the sacrum
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Scapular
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Shoulder blade
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Sural
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Calf
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Vertebral
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Area of the spinal column
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Superior/Inferior
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Above/Below
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Anterior/Posterior
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Front/Back
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Medial/Lateral
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Toward the midline/Away from the midline
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Cephalad (cranial)/Caudal
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Toward the head/Toward the tail
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Dorsal/Ventral
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Backside/Bellyside
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Proximal/Distal
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Nearer to trunk or attached end/Farther from the trunk of point of attachment
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Superficial/Deep
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Toward or at body surface/away from body surface
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Sagittal Plane
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Divides body into left and right parts
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Frontal Plane
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Divides body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse Plane
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Divides body into superior and inferior parts
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What is in the cranial cavity?
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the brain
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What is in the vertebral cavity?
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Spinal cord
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What cavities are in the dorsal body cavity?
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Cranial and vertebral
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What cavities are in the ventral body cavity?
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Thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
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What is in the thoracic cavity?
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Heart and the lungs
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What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?
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Abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs. Pelvic cavity: reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
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What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?
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The diapragm
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What is serous membrane, and where is it located?
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Thin, doubled-layered membrane; Walls of ventral cavity and outer surfaces of organs
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Thoracic cavity contains?
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Superior mediastinum, Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity (within the mediastinum)
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Name the 9 abdominopelvic cavities.
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Umbilical region
left and right hypochondriac region left and right lumbar region, epigastric region left and right iliac region hypogastric region |
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What is in the Right hypochondriac region?
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Liver
Gallbladder |
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What is in the Epigastric Region?
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Stomach
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What is in the left hypochondriac region?
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Diaphragm
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What is in the Right lumbar region?
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Ascending colon of the large intestine
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What is in the Umbilical region?
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Small Intestine
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What is in the Left Lumbar region?
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Descending colon of the large intestine
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What is in the Right iliac region?
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Cecum
Appendix |
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What is in the Hypogastric Region?
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Bladder
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What is in the Left Iliac region?
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Initial part of the sigmoid colon
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Describe the nucleas
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Contains genetic material (DNA)
Control center of the cell |
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When a cell is not dividing, the genetic material loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form called?
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Chromatin
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When chromatin condenses and coils, forming a dense, darkly staining rodlike body these are called?
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Chromosomes
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Describe nucleoli
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Composed of protein & RNA
Assembly site for ribosomal particles |
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Nuclear pores
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Permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules
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Describe Plasma Membrane
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Seperates cell contents from the surrounding environment
Building blocks: Phospholipids, and globular protein molecules Selective Permeability Plays role in cell-to-cell interactions |
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What is selective permeability?
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Allowing nutrients to enter the cell and keeping unwanted substances out
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What are 2 basic ways of transport in the cell?
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Active transport (the cell must provide energy to power the process)
Passive transport (transport process is driven by concentration or pressure differences) |
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What is a ribosome?
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Floating free or attached to a membranous structure (rough er)
Begins protein synthesis |
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What is a Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
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Rough ER- studded with ribosome, provide an area for storage and transport of proteins made on the ribosomes
Smooth ER- no function in protein systhesis, detoxifies, makes hormones |
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What is the Golgi Apparatus?
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Flat sacs with bulbous ends; package proteins or other substances for export from cell
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What are lysosomes?
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Contain digestive enzymes; apoptosis (programmed cell death)
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What are peroxisomes?
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lysosome-like sacs containing oxidase enzymes for cell detoxification
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What is the mitochondria?
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Powerhouse of the cell
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What are centrioles?
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Close to the nucleus; direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Form the bases of cilia and flagella |
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What is mitosis?
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Nuclear division
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What is cytokinesis?
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Division of the cytoplasm
(Begins after mitosis is nearly complete) |
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What is meiosis?
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Special type of division that only occurs in reproductive organs
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Describe Interphase.
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Longer period during when the cell grows and carries out usual activities
DNA is replicated |
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Describe Prophase.
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Chromatin coils and shorten to form chromosomes
Chromosomes appear as double-stranded structures Nuclear envelope and nucleolous breakdown and dissapear |
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Describe Metaphase.
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Brief stage
Chromosomes migrate to the center of cell and make a straight line |
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Describe Anaphase.
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Chromatids become chromosomes again
Progress towards opposite sides of cell Attached to their centromeres |
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Describe Telophase.
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Chromosomes clustered at poles begin to uncoil
Spindle breaks down and disappears A nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass Nucleoli appear in each daughter cell |
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Describe Cytokinesis.
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Division of the cytoplasmic mass
Begins during telophase |
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What is a cell wall?
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External boundary of cell
Regulates flow of materials into and out of cell |
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What is Brownian Movement?
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Random motion of small particles suspended in water
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What is diffusion?
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Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
(Driving force is kinetic energy) |
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What is osmosis?
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Movement of a substances from an area of its higher concentration to an area of its lower concentration
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What is hypertonic?
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Contains more nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell
(small) |
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What is hypotonic?
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Contains fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell
(big) |
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What is isotonic?
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Contains a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that of the cell
(normal) |
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What is vesicular transport?
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Large particles and molecules are transported across the membrane
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What is endocytosis?
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Movement into the cell
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What is exocytosis?
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Movement out of the cell
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What is pinocytosis?
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(Fluidphase Endocytosis)
Cell membrane sinks benteath the material to form a small vesicle, which pinches off into the cell interior |
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What is phagocytosis?
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(Cell Eating)
Parts of cytoplasm and plasma membrane are fused to lysosomes and the contents are digested |
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What are tissues and the 4 major types?
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Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function;
Connective, epithelial. muscle, and nervous |
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What is epithelial tissue and what are its characteristics?
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Covers the surface;
Polarity Cellularity Supported by Connective Tissue Avascularity Regeneration |
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What is connective tissue, where is it, and what are its characteristics?
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Primarly to protect, support and bind together other tissues;
Found all over the body; Rich supply of blood vessels (except tendons, cartilage, and ligaments) Composed of many cells Alot of non living material (matrix) between the cells |
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What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
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Connective tissue proper
Bone Blood Cartilage |
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Describe nervous tissue.
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Made of neuroglia (supporting cells that protect, support and insulate) and nuerons (recieve stimuli, irritability)
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Describe muscle tissue and the three types of muscle tissue.
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Highly specialized to contract and produce movement.
Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle |
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Describe skeletal muscle tissue
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Voluntary control
Moves limbs and external body parts Long, cylindrical, and multinucleate Obvious striations |
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Describe cardiac muscle
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Found only in the heart
Muscle fits together by intercalated discs Involuntary control |
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Describe smooth muscle
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Found in walls of hollow organs
Has 2 layers No striations Uninucleaic |
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What are the functions of the skin?
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Protection
Insulation Prevents water loss Regulates heat loss Mini-excretory system |
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What are the 2 regions of the skin?
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Epidermis and Dermis
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What are keratinocytes?
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Most abundant in epidermal cells
Produce keratin fibrils |
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What is keratin?
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Fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and productive capabilities
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What are melanocytes?
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Spidery black cells that produce melanin (protective pigment produces when exposes to sun)
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What are Langerhans' Cells?
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Play a role in immunity.
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Lang never got sick
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What are merkel cells?
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Spiky hemispheres that, with sensory nerve endrings, form sensitive touch receptors
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What are the layers of the epidermis?
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Stratum Basale (Basal Layer) constantly undergoing cell division
Stratum Spinosum (Spiny Layer) Pre-keratin proteins Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer) Flattening, drying out Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer) Thin layer of keratinocytes, found in thick skin Stratum corneum (horny layer) 20-30 cell layers, Dead |
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What are the 2 regions of the Dermis layer?
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Papillary layer: more superficial, make fingerlike projections, dermal papillae (produce finger prints)
Meissner's Corpuscles found here Lets heat radiate to skin surface Reticular Layer: Deepest layer Composed of dense irregular connective, arteries, veins, sweat and sebaceous glands. Pacinian Corpuscles found here |
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What are Meissners Corpuscles?
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Pain and touch receptors
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What are Pacinian Corpuscles?
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Pressure receptors
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What is the arrector pili muscle?
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When they contract it pulls the hair up (cold or fright) dimpling the skin surface with goose bumps
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What are eccrine glands?
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Distributed all over body
Produce clear perspiration (water, salts, are urea) |
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What are apocrine glands?
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Found in genital areas
Secrete milky protein, and fat-rich substance |
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What are the the three most common fingerprint patters?
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Arches, loops, and whorls
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What is cutaneous membrane?
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Skin
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What is the mucous membrane?
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Line all body cavities that open to the exterior
Rest of a layer of loose connective tissue (lamina propria) |
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What are serous membranes?
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Epithelial membranes
Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium Parietal Layer (line body cavity) Visceral Layer (covers the outside of the organs) |
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What are synovial membranes?
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Composed entirely of connective tissue
Line the cavities surrounding joints |
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