Anatomy And Physiology Lab Ex.20 (Brain Structure & Function)

Front 1

Four main regions of the brain

Back 1

brain stem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum

Front 2

Brain stem
3 structures

Back 2

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

Front 3

medulla oblongata

Back 3

-immediately superior to the spinal cord
-respiratory and cardiovascular control centers

Front 4

pons (bridge)

Back 4

-bulge that is superior to medulla oblongata / anterior to cerebellum
- respiratory centers to assist medulla oblongata
- relays info to diencephalon & cerebellum

Front 5

midbrain

Back 5

- superior to the pons
- consists of:
cerebral peduncles
corpora quadrigemina

Front 6

cerebral peduncles

Back 6

- directly superior to pons
- white fibers that connect the upper and lower brains

Front 7

corpora quadrigemina

Back 7

- two superior colliculi
(visual stimuli= eye, head & neck movements)
-two inferior colliculi
(auditory stimuli= head & trunk movements)

Front 8

cerebellum
(little brain)

Back 8

-inferior to cerebrum / posterior to medulla & pons
- two cerebellar hemispheres connected by the vermis
- sagittal section view:
white matter (arbor vitae)
surrounded by gray matter
(cerebellar cortex)

Front 9

folia

Back 9

- cerebellar cortex's pleated gyri (folds)
- increases the surface area for more neuron cell bodies

Front 10

diencephalon

Back 10

- brain's central area
- 3 regions:
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

Front 11

thalamus
(inner chamber)

Back 11

"grand central relay station"
- paired egg shaped bodies
- 1/2 in each cerebral hemisphere connected intermediate mass

Front 12

hypothalamus

Back 12

- below the thalamus
- important nuclei that control
pituitary, hormonal, autonomic function as well as
emotions, behavior, body temp, eating and drinking

Front 13

infundibulum

Back 13

stalk that connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

Front 14

mammillary bodies

Back 14

- two small round bodies posterior to infundibulum
- relay for smell and taste reflexes

Front 15

optic chisam
(chi= crossing over)

Back 15

- anterior to the infundibulum
- area where the optic nerves cross

Front 16

epithalamus

Back 16

- "superior" and posterior to thalamus
- includes pineal gland which secrets hormone melatonin

Front 17

cerebrum

Back 17

- superior to and surrounds the diencephalon and parts of the brain stem
- largest & most complex division of the brain
- center of higher mental processes / interprets sensory input/ initiates skeletal muscle contractions

Front 18

3 main regions of the cerebrum

Back 18

cerebral cortex
white matter
basal ganglia

Front 19

cerebral cortex
(cortex= bark)

Back 19

- superficial gray matter composed of nerve cell bodies & dendrites
- integrates sensory info/
initiates motor output/
involved in emotions & intellectual processes
- AKA cortical area
- INSULA: area that lies deeper on the lateral sides

Front 20

basal ganglia
(nuclei)

Back 20

- areas of gray matter composed of paired nuclei
- found deep within each cerebral hemisphere
- controls automatic skeletal muscle movements & limbic system (emotional brain)

Front 21

white matter

Back 21

- deep to the outer cortex
- composed mainly of myelinated axons organized into fiber tracts

Front 22

association fibers

Back 22

fiber tracts that transmit nerve impulses
between the two hemispheres

Front 23

commissural fibers
(connection)

Back 23

fiber tracts that transmit nerve impulses
between the two hemispheres

Front 24

projection fibers

Back 24

ascending and descending fiber tracts that project nerve impulses
from inferior to superior brain areas or vice versa

Front 25

corpus callosum

Back 25

prominent commissural fiber tract that
connects the two hemispheres

Front 26

fornix

Back 26

tract of arched association fibers

Front 27

internal capsule

Back 27

large group of projection fibers