Anatomy And Physiology, Integumentary System, Ch. 5

Front 1

Skin and its accessory structures, hair and nails, along with various glands, muscles, and nerves make up the

Back 1

Integumentary system

Front 2

covers external surface of body

Back 2

skin or cutaneous membrane

Front 3

superficial thinner portion of epithelial tissue is ________, while the deeper, thicker connective tissue part is _________

Back 3

epidermis

dermis

Front 4

Area deep to the dermis that contains areolar and adipose tissue. Not part of the skin

Back 4

Subcutaneous layer OR hypodermis

Front 5

The SQ layer, and sometime the dermis, contains pressure sensitive nerve endings called _______

Back 5

lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Front 6

The tissue type of the epidermis is

Back 6

keratinized stratified squamous

Front 7

4 major cell types of epidermis

Back 7

keratinocytes

melanocytes

Langerhans cells

Merkel cells

Front 8

90% of epidermal cells are ____________, which are in 4 or 5 layers and produce the protein ______

Back 8

keratinocytes

keratin

Front 9

cells that produce lamellar granules that release a water repellant sealant

Back 9

keratinocytes

Front 10

brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light

Back 10

melanin

Front 11

cluster to form protective veil over nucleus on skin side to shield nuclear DNA from UV light. Are also susceptible to UV damage

Back 11

melanin granules

Front 12

arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they participate in immune response against microbes that invade skin. Also damaged by UV light

Back 12

Langerhans cells

Front 13

Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis, where they detect different aspects of touch sensations

Back 13

Merkel cells

tactile (Merkel) disc

Front 14

In most areas of the body the epidermis has 4 layers or strata _____, _____, _____, ______

Back 14

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

a THIN stratum corneum

Front 15

Where exposure to friction is greatest, what 5 layers does the skin have?

Back 15

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

a THICK stratum corneum

Front 16

Deepest layer of epidermis that is composed of a single row of cuboidal of columnar keratinocytes. The keratin protects deeper layer from injury

Back 16

stratum basale

Front 17

The stratum basale is also known as the __________, a name that emphasizes its role in forming new cells

Back 17

stratum germinativum

Front 18

To avoid tissue rejection from a skin graft, the skin is usually taken from the same individual ________ or an identical twin _______.

Back 18

autograft

isograft

Front 19

procedure performed for severe burns where small amounts of epidermis are removed, and the keratinocytes are cultured in lab to produce sheets of skin

Back 19

autologous skin transplantation

Front 20

Superficial to stratum basale. 8-10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes fit closely together. Also has some Langerhans cells and melanocytes

Back 20

Stratum spinosum

Front 21

middle layer of epidermis with 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis.

Back 21

stratum granulosum

Front 22

Distinctive feature of cells in stratum granulosum is the presence of dark staining granules of a protein called _______, which converts tonofilaments into keratin.

Back 22

keratohyalin

Front 23

Present in keratinocytes of stratum granulosum. Release lipid-rich secretion that fills the spaces of stratum granulosum, lucidum, and corneum. Acts as water-repellant seal which retards water loss and entry of foreign materials.

Back 23

lamellar granules

Front 24

marks the transition between the deeper metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata.

Back 24

stratum granulosum

Front 25

present only in the thick skin of fingertips, palms, and soles.

Back 25

stratum lucidum

Front 26

25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. The interior of the cells contain mostly keratin.

Back 26

stratum corneum

Front 27

abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum

Back 27

callus

Front 28

The hormone-like protein ____________ is thought to contribute to skin growth

Back 28

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

Front 29

skin disorder where keratinocytes divide more rapidly than normal from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum

Back 29

psoriasis

Front 30

part of skin containing mostly connective tissue composed of collagen and elastic fibers

Back 30

dermis

Front 31

superficial part of dermis, about 1/5 of the total thickness.

Back 31

papillary region

Front 32

nipple shaped projections that increase surface area of the papillary region.

Back 32

dermal papillae

Front 33

Dermal papillae also contain nerve endings called __________ OR ________, nerve endings that are sensitive to touch.

Back 33

corpuscles of touch OR Meissner corpuscles

Front 34

Dendrites in dermal papillae that initiate signals that give rise to sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, and itching

Back 34

free nerve endings

Front 35

Deeper part of dermis consisting of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of collagen and coarse elastic fibers

Back 35

Reticular region

Front 36

Combo of collagen and elastic fibers in the ___________ gives skin it's strength, extensibility (ability to stretch), and elasticity

Back 36

reticular region

Front 37

Extreme stretching of the dermis may produce visible tears in the dermis called _______

Back 37

striae or stretch marks

Front 38

Series of grooves and ridges that develop during the 3rd and 4th fetal months

Back 38

epidermal ridges (fingerprints)

Front 39

study of the pattern of epidermal ridges

Back 39

dermatoglyphics

Front 40

____________ are caused by sunlight and can occur in some individuals taking certain medications like erythromycin and St. John's wort, and cause redness, peeling, hives, blisters, or shock

Back 40

photosensitivity reactions

Front 41

3 pigments that add color to skin

Back 41

carotene

melanin

hemoglobin

Front 42

Synthesis of melanin occurs in the organelle _________

Back 42

melanosome

Front 43

Melanocytes synthesize melanin from amino acid ________ in the presence of enzyme tyrosinase

Back 43

tyrosine

Front 44

yellow-orange pigment that is the precursor of Vit A, which is used to synthesize pigments for vision

Back 44

carotene

Front 45

condition caused by melanocytes that are unable to produce tyrosinase

Back 45

albinism

Front 46

partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

Back 46

vitiligo

Front 47

redness of skin from engorgement of capillaries in dermis with blood as a result of skin injury, heat, infection, inflammation, or allergic reaction.

Back 47

Erythema

Front 48

covers all parts of body except for palms, palmar surface of digits, and soles. 0.10 to 0.15mm thick

Back 48

Thin skin

Front 49

covers palms, palmar surfaces, and soles. 0.6 to 4.5mm thick. more sweat glands, but no hair or sebaceous glands

Back 49

Thick skin

Front 50

Associated with each hair follicle are _______, _______, _______

Back 50

sebaceous (oil) gland

an arrector pili muscle

hair root plexus

Front 51

Surrounding each hair follicle are dendrites of neurons called, ________ that are sensitive to touch

Back 51

hair root plexuses

Front 52

Substance that removes the hair

Back 52

depilatory

Front 53

Each hair follicle goes through a growth cycle, which consists of a _______ and _______ stage.

Back 53

growth and resting

Front 54

During the hair ________, cells of the matrix differentiate, keratinize, and die. This process forms the ______ and _______. As new cells are added at the base the hair grows longer

Back 54

growth stage

root sheath and hair shaft

Front 55

_______ is the partial or complete loss of hair from illness, radiation, aging, genetic disorders, etc.

Back 55

Alopecia

Front 56

Around the fifth month of development, follicles produce very fine non-pigmented hair on the fetus called _____

Back 56

lanugo

Front 57

Hair on infants known as peach fuzz

Back 57

vellus hairs

Front 58

The hairs that develop at puberty, along with hair of head, eyebrows, and eyelashes is ________

Back 58

terminal hair

Front 59

Graying of hair occurs from the decline of _______, whereas white hair occurs from ________ in medullary shaft

Back 59

tyrosinase

air bubbles

Front 60

Excessive body hair cause by an excessive amount of androgens

Back 60

Hirsutism

Front 61

_______ OR oil glands, are simple, branched acinar glands

Back 61

sebaceous glands

Front 62

Sebaceous glands secrete ______, which is made of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts.

Back 62

sebum

Front 63

inflammation of sebaceous glands where they become enlarged and increase production of sebum

Back 63

acne

Front 64

Sweat glands are called _____

Back 64

sudoriferous glands

Front 65

simple, coiled tubular glands that are distributes throughout skin except for lips, nail beds, glans penis, glans clitoris, labia, and eardrums. Main function is to regulate temp through evaporation

Back 65

Eccrine sweat glands

Front 66

simple, coiled tubular glands found mainly in axilla, groin, areolae, bearded regions. Do not begin to function until puberty. The glands that produce "cold sweat"

Back 66

Apocrine sweat glands

Front 67

Modified sweat glands of the external ear that produce waxy secretion

Back 67

ceruminous glands

Front 68

combined secretion of ceruminous and sebaceous glands in ear is called

Back 68

cerumen or earwax

Front 69

plates of tightly packed, keratinized epidermal cells

Back 69

nails

Front 70

______ is the portion of the nail that is visible, ______ is the part that may extend past the distal end of digit, and the ______ is the portion buried beneath a fold of skin

Back 70

nail body

free edge

nail root

Front 71

The whitish, crescent-shaped proximal end of the nail body is

Back 71

lanula

Front 72

Beneath the free edge of the nail is a thickened area of the stratum corneum called _____

Back 72

hyponychium

Front 73

Another name for nail cuticle

Back 73

eponychium

Front 74

The epithelium deep to the nail root is the ________, where cells divide by mitosis to produce growth.

Back 74

nail matrix

Front 75

hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium in foods from the GI tract into the blood. I the most active form of Vit D

Back 75

calcitriol

Front 76

In response to epidermal injury, _________ of the epidermis surrounding wound break contact with basement membrane, migrate across the wound until cells from each side of wound meet

Back 76

basal cells

Front 77

In epidermal injury, basal cells stop migrating when they encounter each other because of cell response called _______

Back 77

contact inhibition

Front 78

During wound healing- while some basal epidermal cells migrate, ____________, a hormone, stimulates basal cells to divide to replace ones that have moved into the wound

Back 78

epidermal growth factor

Front 79

4 phases of deep wound healing

Back 79

inflammatory phase

migratory phase

proliferative phase

maturation phase

Front 80

During _________ phase of deep wound healing, a blood clot forms in wound and loosely unites wound edges. This phase involves _______, a vascular and cell response that helps eliminate microbes, foreign material, and dying tissue.

Back 80

Inflammatory phase

inflammation

Front 81

Deep wound healing phase where clot becomes a scab, and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound.

Back 81

Migratory phase

Front 82

During the migratory phase of wound healing, the tissue filling the wound is called _____

Back 82

granulation tissue

Front 83

Deep wound healing phase characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath scab, deposition of collagen fibers by fibroblasts, and continued growth of blood vessels

Back 83

proliferative phase

Front 84

Deep wound healing phase where scab sloughs off once epidermis has been restored to normal thickness

Back 84

Maturation phase

Front 85

A ______ scar remains within the original wound area, a _____ scar extends beyond the original wound area

Back 85

hypertrophic

keloid

Front 86

The epidermis is derived from ____

Back 86

ectoderm

Front 87

the dermis is derived from ________in a zone beneath the ectoderm. They undergo a process that changes them into connective tissues to form the dermis at _____ weeks

Back 87

mesodermal cells

11 weeks

Front 88

At the beginning of the 8th week after fertilization, the ectoderm consist of _______ epithelium

Back 88

simple cuboidal

Front 89

Nails develop at around _____ weeks. Initially they consist of thick layer of epithelium called the _______

Back 89

10 weeks

primary nail field

Front 90

The connective tissue and blood vessels associated with the glands develop from _____

Back 90

mesoderm

Front 91

By 5th month of development, secretions from sebaceous glands along with sloughed off epidermal cells mix to form a fatty substance called _______ that covers fetus, protects from constant exposure to amniotic fluid, and facilitates delivery

Back 91

vernix caseosa

Front 92

Stem cells in the _________ undergo continuous cell division to produce keratinocytes for the other layers

Back 92

stratum basale

Front 93

Smooth muscle tissue has _____ junctions, but epithelial tissue does not.

Back 93

gap junctions

Front 94

Site of elastic and collagen fibers in skin

Back 94

Dermis (as a whole)

Front 95

General site of melanin formation

Back 95

Epidermis (as a whole)

Front 96

Major skin area where derivatives (hair, nails) reside

Back 96

Dermis (as a whole)

Front 97

When tanned, becomes leather; provides mechanical strength to skin

Back 97

Dermis (as a whole)

Front 98

Strata containing all (or mostly) dead cells

Back 98

Corneum and Lucidum

Front 99

Their ducts open to external environment via a pore - 2 types

Back 99

apocrine and eccrine sweat glands

Front 100

Their secretions contain bactericidal substances

Back 100

Sebaceous glands

Front 101

Glands that become more active at puberty under influence of androgens - 2 types

Back 101

Sebaceous glands

Apocrine sweat glands

Front 102

The ceruminous glands that produce earwax are a modification of this gland variety

Back 102

apocrine sweat glands

Front 103

Epidermal cells that aid in immune response

Back 103

Langerhan's cells

Front 104

Which epidermal layer has the highest concentration of Langerhan's cells, numerous desmosomes, and thick bundles of keratin filaments

Back 104

stratum spinosum

Front 105

Which hair colors are not produced by melanin

Back 105

white and gray

Front 106

The ________ generate nerve impulses if their hair shaft is moved

Back 106

hair root plexuses

Front 107

What is the origin site for cells directly responsible for hair growth

Back 107

matrix

Front 108

Some infants are born with fuzzy skin due to

Back 108

lanugo

Front 109

A type of tumor of adrenal gland causes excessive secretion of sex hormones, which expresses itself in females as

Back 109

male pattern baldness and hirsutism

Front 110

At the end of a hair follicle's growth cycle ______ and _______

Back 110

the follicle atrophies

the hair falls out

Front 111

Secretion of oil is via the ________ mode

Back 111

holocrine

Front 112

Some lesions on a patients face appear as shiny raised spots, others are ulcerated with a beaded edge. What is the diagnosis?

Back 112

Basal cell carcinoma