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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
MAP Equation |
(Systolic + Diastolic + Diastolic) /3 |
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Blood Pressure equation |
Heart rate * Stroke volume * Resistance |
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Cardiac Output Equation |
CO= (HR * SV) |
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Respiratory pump |
Aids venous return by creating a pressure gradient when we breathe. Forces blood back toward the heart. |
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Muscular Pump |
Skeletal muscle surrounding the veins contract milking blood back to the heart and prevent backflow |
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3 Vessels entering the right atrium |
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus |
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4 Vessels entering the left atrium |
4 Pulmonary Veins |
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Right ventricle pumps blood out.. |
The pulmonary trunk to the lungs |
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Left ventricle pumps blood out... |
The aorta to the body |
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Layers of the heart |
Epicardium (serous layer of Pericardium), Myocardium, Endocardium |
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What vessels supply the heart itself? |
Left and right Coronary arteries and the Circumflex artery |
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Vessel returning heart blood |
Cardiac veins (Great, middle and small) empty into Coronary Sinus (RA) |
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Layer of heart that is nourished |
Myocardium during diastole |
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Atrioventricular valves |
Tricuspid (right) and Mitral (left) |
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Pulmonary and Aortic Valves |
Semilunar Valves - prevent backflow when valves relax |
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Structure of cardiac muscle cells |
Branching Striated Uninucleate Myofibrils consisting of sarcomeres |
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Cardiac cell connections |
Connected by intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions which provide electrical connections |
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Action Potential in Cardiac Cells |
Depolarization opens Na+ channels and slow Ca2+ channels (plateau). Releases Ca2+ into the cell causing myofilaments to slide past eachother (contraction) |
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Can Cardiac Muscle enter tetanus? |
No because of its prolonged refractory period |
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In what way does cardiac muscle produce ATP? |
Extra Mitochondria and AEROBIC respiration |
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Explain Pacemaker Cells |
Noncontractile muscle cells Automaticity & Rhythmicity Independently generate AP Unstable resting potential Gradually depolarizes (drift toward threshold) Form the intrinsic conduction system of the heart |
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Conduction System |
SA & AV Nodes, the AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje Fibers |
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Purpose of the Conduction System of the heart |
Coordinates depolarization to make sure heart contracts as a unit |
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Node that sets Sinus Rhythm |
SA node because it has the fastest rate is spontaneous depolarization |
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Problems with conduction system can cause.. |
Arrhythmia, fibrillation and heart block |
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Cardioacceleratory centers in the brain |
Medulla |
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Cardioinhibitory centers in the brain |
Vagus nerve |
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P wave |
Atrial depolarization |
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QRS Complex |
Ventricular depolarization/atrial repolarization |
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T wave |
Ventricular repolarization |
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Normal and abnormal heart sounds |
Normal = shutting valves Abnormal = faulty valve |
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Cardiac Cycle |
One heart beat Ventricles fill, contract (isovolumetrically contract) and ventricular ejection phase
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Stroke Volume |
The amount of blood pumped out a ventricle with each contraction SV = EDV - ESV |
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Typical cardiac output |
5 L per minute. Aka all the blood in your body. (8% of your weight in Liters) |
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End Diastolic Volume |
The amount of blood in the ventricles just before contraction |
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End Systolic Volume ESD |
The amount of blood left in the ventricle after contraction |
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Sympathetic Nervous System causes |
Increased heart rate Contractility |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System causes |
Decreased heart rate Vagal tone No effect on contractility |
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Hormones affecting the heart |
Catecholamines (Epinephrine) (⬆) , Thyroxine - Thyroid hormone (⬆) and Nicotinics (Acetylcholine) (⬇) |
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Ions affecting the heart |
Calcium (⬆), Potassium (⬇) and Hydrogen (⬇) |
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
The left ventricle does not pump adequately for bodily needs |
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Right heart failure |
Also called Cor Pulmonale High BP in the pulmonary circuit Causes systemic edema |
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Left heart failure |
Aka CHF, results in pulmonary edema |
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Where does the heart sit? |
Between the 2nd and 5th ICS in the Mediastinum (sac between lungs) |
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Pericardium |
Fibrous sac layer outside the heart |
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Serous Pericardium |
Allows for smooth movement of the heart |
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Auricles |
Superficial layer of atria Hold blood |
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Heart hole between atria |
Fossa Ovalis in fetus Patent Foramen Ovale when it remains in an adult (defect) |
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Arteries |
Carry blood away from the heart. Typically oxygenated blood |
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Veins |
Carry blood to the heart. Typically deoxygenated |
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Papillary Muscles |
Open atrioventricular valves |
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Chordae tendonae |
Anchor valve flaps to the papillary muscles |
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Superior Vena Cava |
Brings blood from top half of the body to the right atrium Has no backflow valve |
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Inferior Vena Cava |
Brings blood from the lower body to the right atrium Has no backflow valve |
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Pulmonary Arteries |
Left and right divisions of the pulmonary trunk coming from the RV Go to the lungs Have semilunar valves to prevent backflow |
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Trabeculae Carneae |
"Crossbar of flesh" - muscle pattern inside the valves |
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Pulmonary Circuit |
From (R) heart to lungs to (L) heart |
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Systemic Circuit |
(L) heart to body |
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Coronary Circuit |
Left Coronary: to left ventricle Right Coronary: to right ventricle Circumflex: branch of LC. Goes to the back |
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Right Coronary Branches |
Marginal and Posterior descending |
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Coronary Sinus |
Return of blood from the surface of the heart to the RA |
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Angina |
Chest pain from cardiac ischemia |
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Anastomosis |
The convergence of blood vessels for the purpose of having alternate routes for blood flow aka collateral circulation |
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Cardiac Nodes |
Where pacemaker cells occur and send impulses |
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Sinoatrial Node |
70 bpm. Tells heart to contact. Membrane potential |
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Atrioventricular Node |
60 bpm. Slower than SA node to send out impulses |
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Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) |
50 bpm. Sends impulse from atria to ventricles |
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Bundle Branches |
Sends impulses to right and left ventricles |
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Purkinje Fibers |
30 bpm. Extend to the Myocardium |
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PR Interval |
Impulse sent from atria to ventricles |
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ST Segment |
Baseline between S and T waves |
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QT Interval |
Time ventricles are de/repolarizing |
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First heart sound |
Lub - AV valves closing |
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Second heart sound |
Dub - semilunar valves closing |
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Atrial Kick |
After passive filling of the ventricles, the atria contract and push the last 10-15% of blood into the ventricles |
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Frank Starling Law |
Aka preload. The more a vessel is stretched, the more blood is ejected. And the greater the blood volume, the greater the stretch |
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Contractility is driven by.. |
SNS causes stronger contractions Ca2+: The more in, the more out = stronger contractions |
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Afterload |
The resistance the ventricle has to overcome to push out the blood |
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Atrial Reflex (Bainbridge) |
The more blood returning to the atria, the faster they will pump (HR) Heart rate alters as you breathe |
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Bradycardia |
HR < 60 bpm |
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Tachycardia |
HR >100 bpm |
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Ventricular Septal Defect |
(1 in 500) Hole between ventricles |
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Corarctation of the aorta |
Narrowed aorta |
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Tetralogy of Fallot |
(1 in 2000) 4 problems. Small pulmonary trunk Large R ventricle Ventricular Septal Defect Aorta opens from both ventricles |
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3 layers of blood vessels |
Tunica Intima Tunica Media (largest layer) Tunica Externa |
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Vasa Vasorum |
Blood vessel feeding blood to a larger blood vessel (Tunica Externa) |
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Classifications of arteries |
Elastic - largest & nearest the heart Muscular - distributing. Mostly muscular layer Arterioles - contribute the most to BP because they are so numerous |
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Capillaries |
**One layer. Exchange vessels. Super tiny. Blood cells in single file |
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3 classifications of capillaries |
Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal |
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Continuous Capillaries |
Least permeable and most common Serve skin and muscle |
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Fenestrated Capillaries |
Pores in capillaries for rapid exchange. Serve lungs and kidneys |
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Sinusoidal Capillaries |
Largest holes. Serve liver, spleen, bone narrow |
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Shunt |
Bypasses capillaries. Goes directly from artery (metarteriole) to vein (thoroughfare channel) |
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How much blood is in the venous system at any given time? |
60%. Veins are called the blood reservoir |
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Which has a larger lumen, artery or vein and why? |
Vein to decrease resistance and get blood back to the heart |
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Varicose veins |
Incompetent valves and stretched out veins |
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Resistance in blood vessels is caused by... |
Viscosity Length of vessel Diameter of vessel (R = 1/r^4) |
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Flow equation |
Flow = Pressure/Resistance |
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Diastolic time as compared to Systolic time |
Diastolic is generally twice as long |
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Pulse Pressure |
Systolic - Diastolic |
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Purpose of calculating MAP |
To compare the pressure in arteries to the pressure in veins |
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In which vessels do we calculate Systolic and Diastolic BP? |
Only arteries |
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Where is the highest concentration of Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors? |
Aortic arch and divisions of the carotid artery |
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Short term neural BP maintenance |
Vasomotor Baroreceptors Chemoreceptors |
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Vasomotor |
Medulla (cardiac) - sympathetic |
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Baroreceptors |
Cells responding to pressure |
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Chemoreceptors |
pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide CO2⬆= H+⬆= pH⬇ |
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Chemicals affecting BP |
⬆Norepinephrine - vasoconstriction ⬇Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ⬆ADH - stops urine ⬆Angiotensin II - strong vasoconstrictor ⬇Nitric Oxide - vasodilator |
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Long term renal BP maintenance |
Alters blood volume (SV) |
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Direct renal affect of BP |
Changes blood to the kidneys ⬇Blood ⬇Urine Output ⬆BP |
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Indirect (RAS) renal response to low BP |
Renin is released releasing Angiotensin II (vasoconstriction) which retains sodium, releases ADH |
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Hypotension |
Systolic < 90 mmHg |
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Hypertension |
Systolic >139 Diastolic > 89 |
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Autoregulation of blood flow |
Metabolic - Higher needs more blood Myogenic - Contract when stretched |
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Skeletal blood flow |
Oxygen - Sympathetic |
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Brain blood flow |
Oxygen, pH/CO2, myogenic |
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Skin blood flow |
Oxygen, temperature - neutral |
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Heart blood flow |
Oxygen, Myogenic |
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Lung blood flow |
Oxygen, pH |
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When O2 goes down in tissues... |
We vasodilate so that BP goes down and brings blood more easily |
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When O2 goes down in lungs... |
We vasoconstrict raising BP |
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Hypovolemic Shock |
Low blood volume |
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Vascular Shock |
Abnormal vasodilation |
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Cardiogenic shock |
Pump failure |