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223 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Three Types of Muscle Tissue

  1. Skeletal Muscle
  2. Cardiac Muscle
  3. Smooth Muscle

Skeletal Muscle Tissue



  • Voluntary

Cardiac Muscle Tissue



  • involuntary
  • autorhythmic

Smooth Muscle



  • involuntary
  • autorhythmic

Skeletal Muscles

Organs composed of skeletal muscle tissue, plus nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue

Function of Skeletal Muscles

  1. Movement
  2. Posture
  3. Guard entrances and exits of digestive and urinary systems
  4. Support soft tissues
  5. Maintain body temperature
  6. Store nutrients
Organization of Skeletal Muscle

Organization of Skeletal Muscle

Three Layers of Connective Tissue:



  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium

Epimysium

Surrounds the entire muscle, it is a dense layer of collagen fibers

Perimysium

Divides the muscle into fascicles, contains blood vessels and nerves

Endomysium

Surrounds individual muscle cells (fibers) within the fascicle

Skeletal Muscle Fibers =

Skeletal Muscle Cells

Sarcolemma

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell



  • Develops a membrane potential due to active transport of ions

Sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of the muscle cell

Organization of Muscle Cell

Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Nuclei, mitochondria, myofibrils
Capillaries in the endomysium
Axon
  • Sarcolemma
  • Sarcoplasm
  • Nuclei, mitochondria, myofibrils
  • Capillaries in the endomysium
  • Axon

T- tubules

Narrow tubes that are continuous with the sarcolemma

Myofibrils

Bundles of protein filaments



  • Thick filaments composed of myosin
  • Thin filaments made of actin
  • Responsible for muscle contraction

Muscle contraction occurs when _________ is released into the sarcoplasm

Calcium

Sarcomeres

Functional repeating units in the myofibril



  • Contain thick and thin filaments
  • Responsible for banded appearance (striations)

The A Band

Consists of the thick filaments in the center of the sarcomere

M Line

Central portion of the thick filament

H Zone

Light region, only thick filaments

Zone of Overlap

Overlap of thick and thin filaments

The I Band

Contains thin, but not thick filaments

Contains thin, but not thick filaments

Z Line

Marks the boundary of the sarcomere

Marks the boundary of the sarcomere

Sliding Filaments

Contain myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

Thin Filaments Contain

Actin, Tropomyosin, and Troponin

Thick Filaments Contain

Myosin

Neuromuscular Junction

Where communication between the nervous system and muscles occurs

Each muscle fiber is controlled by...

a neuron.

Acetyl Choline (ACH)

A neurotransmitter stored in vesicles

Synaptic Cleft

The narrow space that separates the neuron from the (muscle)

The narrow space that separates the neuron from the (muscle)

Motor End Plate

The sarcolemma surface that faces the synaptic terminal, contains Ach receptors

The sarcolemma surface that faces the synaptic terminal, contains Ach receptors

Acetyl Cholinesterase (AChE)

An enzyme that breaks down ACh

Autorhythmic

Contracts without neural stimulation

Pacemaker Cells

Specialized cardiac cells that determine contraction

Intercalated Disks

  • Sites were one cell contacts others
  • Help to maintain three-dimensional structure
  • Gap junctions that create a direct electrical connection between cells
  • Lock myofibrils together

MAKE CARDIAC CELLS FUNCTIONS AS ONE ENORMOUS CELL

Smooth muscle location:

Located in many organ systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive

Thick and Thin Filaments

Are not organized in sarcomers but are scattered

Smooth muscle carries out...

slow and sustained contractions

Two Types of Smooth Muscle

  1. Visceral- single units
  2. Multiunits

A typical muscle has an:

  1. Origin
  2. Insertion
  3. Belly

Origin

Where the fixed end of a muscle attaches


-typically proximal to the insertion

Insertion

The site where the movable end attaches

Belly

The central body

Where the muscle contracts it produces...

an action or movement

Based on their functions, muscles can be described as:

  • Agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Synergist

Agonist

Prime mover, is a muscle whose contraction is responsible for movement

Antagonist

A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist


-Ex: the triceps antagonizes the biceps

Synergist

A muscle that helps the agonist to work more efficiently



  • provides additional pull near the insertion
  • usually helpful at the start, when the agonist is stretched and unable to develop maximum tension

# of Muscles in the Body

Over 700

*

Sternocleidomastoid



  • Action- Flexes the head, flexes and rotates head toward the opposite side. An accessory for respiration.
  • Origin- Manubrium of sternum, medial portion of clavicle
  • Insertion- Mastoid process of temporal bone

Splenius Capitis



  • Action- Extends the head, rotates head to the same side

Semispinalis Capitis



  • Action- extends the head, rotates the head to the opposite side

Platysma


  • Action- Lowers the lower lip and opens the mouth by depressing the mandible

*

Occipitofrontalis



  • Facial
  • Action- Wrinkles the forehead; raises eyebrows/ draws scalp backward
  • Origin- Skin of eyebrows/ lateral superior nuchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone
  • Insertion- Epicranial aponeurosis

Rectus Abdominis



  • abdominal wall
  • Action- flexes the trunk, compresses abdominal activity

Internal Intercostalis



  • Thorax
  • Action- Depresses the rib cage, pulls ribs together assisting expiration

*

Diaphragm



  • Thorax
  • Action- Flattens to lower the floor of thoracic cavity (inhalation)
  • Origin- Xiphoid process of sternum, lower ribs and costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae
  • Insertion: Central tendon of the diaphragm itself

Erector Spinae



  • Vertebral Column
  • Action- extends the vertebral column and bends it laterally

Medial Rectus



  • Eyeball
  • Action- Adducts eye

*

Lateral Rectus



  • Eyeball
  • Action- Abducts eye
  • Origin- Lateral tendinous ring within orbit
  • Insertion- Lateral sclera anterior to equator of eyeball

Inferior Rectus



  • Eyeball
  • Action- Depresses eye, extorts the eye in adduction

Superior Rectus



  • Eyeball
  • Action- elevates eye, intorts eye in adduction

Genioglossus



  • Tongue
  • Action- protrudes the tongue

Temporalis



  • Mastication
  • Action- Elevates and retracts the mandible

*

Masseter



  • Action- elevates the mandible
  • Origin- Zygomatic Arch
  • Insertion- Angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible

Depressor Labii Inferioris



  • Facial
  • Action- protrudes lower lip

Depressor Anguli Oris



  • Facial
  • Action- Draws corners of the mouth inferiorly

*

Zygomaticus Minor



  • Facial
  • Action- raises lateral portion of the upper lip to expose upper teeth
  • Origin- Zygomatic
  • Insertion- Skin and muscle of the lateral upper lip

*

Zygomaticus Major



  • Action- elevates and draws angle of mouth laterally
  • Origin- anterior surface of the zygomatic bone
  • Insertion- modiolus at angle of mouth

Buccinator



  • Facial
  • Action- helps manipulate food during chewing and expels air through the lips

Orbicularis Oris



  • Facial
  • Action- closes and protrudes lips

Orbicularis Oculi



  • Facial
  • Action- closes eye, pulls skin around the eyes

Corrugator Supercilii



  • Facial
  • Action- pulls eyebrows inferiorly and medially


External Abdominal Obliques



  • Abdominal Wall
  • Action- Flexes and laterally bends the trunk, compresses abdominal cavity

Internal Abdominal Obliques



  • Flexes and laterally bends the trunk, compresses abdominal cavity


Transverse Abdominis



  • compresses the abdominal cavity

Trapezius



  • shoulder girdle
  • retracts and depresses the scapula, rotates scapula upward

*

Pectoralis Major


  • Shoulder girdle
  • Action- flexes and adducts the arm; rotates arm medially
  • Origin- Medial clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages 1-7
  • Insertion- Greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

Pectoralis Minor



  • Shoulder girdle
  • Action- Protects and depresses scapula

Serratus Anterior



  • Shoulder girdle
  • Action- prime mover of scapula in protraction; assists upward rotation of scapula


Supraspinatus



  • Rotator cuff
  • Assists in abduction; holds humerus and stabilizes the shoulder

Infraspinatus



  • Rotator Cuff
  • Action- Laterally rotates the humerus; stabilizes the shoulder joint

Teres Minor



  • Rotator Cuff
  • Action- extends, medially rotates and adducts the humerus

Subscapularis



  • Rotator Cuff
  • Action- medially rotates the humerus/ stabilizes the shoulder

Deltoid



  • Arm
  • Action- prime mover of arm abduction

*

Biceps Brachii



  • Arms
  • Action- FLEXES the elbow, SUPINATES the forearm
  • Origin- Supraglenoid tubercle (long head) and coracoid process (short head)
  • Insertion- Radial tuberosity

Triceps Brachii



  • Arms
  • Action- Extends the elbow

Brachialis



  • Arms
  • Action- flexes the elbow (prime mover)

Latissimus Dorsi



  • Arms
  • Action- Prime mover of arm extension

Brachioradialis



  • forearm
  • flexes the elbow (synergist)

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris



  • Forearm
  • Action- FLEXES wrist; ADDUCTS hand

Flexor Carpi Radialis



  • Forearm
  • Flexes the wrist; ABDUCTS the hand

Extensor Digitorum



  • Forearm
  • EXTENDS the fingers, EXTENDS the wrist

Gluteus Maximus



  • Leg
  • Action- Extends the thigh, laterally rotates the thigh; abducts the thigh

*

Rectus Femoris



  • Leg
  • Action- EXTENDS leg at the knee flexes the thigh at the hip
  • Origin- Anterior inferior iliac spine, superior margin of the acetabulum
  • Insertion- Patella and tibial tuberosity

Vastus Medialis



  • Leg
  • Extends the knee, stabilizes the patella

Vastus Lateralis



  • Leg
  • Extends the knee, stabilizes the patella

Biceps Femoris



  • Leg
  • extends the thigh; flexes the knee

Sartorius



  • Leg
  • Action- Flexes the thigh and flexes the leg at the knee

*

Gastrocnemius



  • Leg
  • Action- Plantar flexes the foot, assists with flexing the knee
  • Origin- Medial and Lateral condyles of the femur
  • Insertion- Posterior surface of calcaneus

Soleus



  • Leg
  • Action- Plantar flexes the foot

Tibialis Anterior



  • Leg
  • Action- Dorsiflexes foot/ inverts the foot

Cranial and spinal nerves are part of the...

Peripheral Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system is composed of...

Axons and nerve fibers

Actions of the Peripheral Nervous System

  • Delivers information to the CNS
  • Carries commands to peripheral tissues and organs

The peripheral nervous system is...

All nervous tissues outside the central nervous system

The Central Nervous system is composed of...

The brain and spinal cord

Neuron Cell Body- Nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles (neurotransmitters, ATP, protein synthesis), no centrioles (no cell division except in the nose & hippocampus)

Slender extensions from the cell body, highly branched,recieve information
A

A

Axon- long cytoplasmic processes capable of propagating electrical impulses, they branch in telodendria

Synapse

A specialized site where the neuron communicates with other neurons

Every synapse involves two cells
  1. Presynaptic-releases chemical messages into the synapse
  2. Postsynaptic- receives these neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messages that mediate communication

Synaptic Vesicles

Store neurotransmitters

Synaptic Cleft

A tiny opening between neurons

A postsynaptic cell can be a...

neuron or other cell

Synaptic Knob

The round structure of the synapse

The round structure of the synapse

Synaptic Cleft

The space between the pre and postsynaptic membranes

The space between the pre and postsynaptic membranes

Anaxonic Neuron

The axon is not distinguished from the dendrites (in brain)

The axon is not distinguished from the dendrites (in brain)

Bipolar Neuron

One axon and one dendrite (in special sense organs)

One axon and one dendrite (in special sense organs)

Unipolar Neuron

Dendrite and axon are continuous (fused), cell body to the side (sensory neurons of the PNS)

Dendrite and axon are continuous (fused), cell body to the side (sensory neurons of the PNS)

Multipolar Neuron
Two or more dendrites and one axon (motor neurons)

Two or more dendrites and one axon (motor neurons)

Sensory Neurons

Afferent, include receptors (10 million) such as:



  • Exteroreceptors
  • Interoreceptors
  • Proprioreceptors

Exteroreceptors

Monitor the external environment (touch, temperature)

Internoreceptors

Monitor internal environment (digestive, urinary systems)

Proprioreceptors

Monitor position of skeletal muscles

3 Functional Classifications of Neurons

  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. Motor Neurons
  3. Interneurons

Six Types of Neuroglia (Four in CNS/ Two in PNS)



  1. Ependymal (CNS)
  2. Astrocytes (CNS)
  3. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  4. Microglia (CNS)
  5. Satellite Cells (PNS)
  6. Schwaan Cells (PNS)

Ependymal Neuroglia

Line the central canal and produce cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A fluid that provides cushion, transports nutrients, gases and waste and surrounds the brain

Astrocytes


  • The largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS
  • control endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier
  • the BBB isolates CNS from the general circulation
  • Help to repair damaged neural tissue

Oligodendrocytes

Myelinate axons of CNS


-myelin is a membranous material for electrical insulation

Microglia

Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

Satellite Cells

Surround cell bodies of PNS and regulate the environment around PNS neurons

Schwaan Cells

Myelinate axons in the PNS and help to repair injured neurons (nodes and internodes)

Axon Classification- Type A Fibers

  • largest axons 4-20um in diameter
  • myelinated
  • about 120 meters/sec
  • carry information for balance, position, fine touch, control of skeletal muscles

Axon Classification- Type B Fibers

  • smaller myelinated axons,2-4um in diameter
  • about 18 meters/sec
  • carry information for temperature/ pressure

Axon Classification- Type C Fibers

  • unmyelinated axons, <2um in diameter
  • 1 meter/second
  • carry information for smooth muscle, glands

Presynaptic cell is...

a neuron

Postsynaptic Cell is...

a neuron or another cell

Two types of Synapses

  1. Chemical
  2. Electrical

Chemical Synapse

  • mediated by neurotransmitters
  • most common
  • cholinergic synapsis

Cholinergic Synapsis

Synapses that release Ach (neuromuscular junction)

Electrical Synapse

  • pre and postsynaptic membranes are locked by gap junctions
  • faster than the chemical synapse
  • action potentials are always propagated to the next cell; cannot be regulated
  • gap junctions are composed of proteins that allow ion movement
c

c

Muscle Fiber

Muscle Fiber

a

a

Fascicle- bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by the perimysium

126

126

Medulla Oblongata 

Medulla Oblongata

65

65

Pons

Pons

6

6

Cerebellum 

Cerebellum

67

67

Mesencephalon 
Mesencephalon
Innermost Orange Layer

Innermost Orange Layer

Diencephalon

Diencephalon

Cerebrum 

Cerebrum

41-43

41-43

Corpus Callosum

Corpus Callosum

Pia Mater

Innermost meninge of the brain

Dura Mater

Outermost Meninge of the brain

Arachnoid Mater

Webby middle meninge of the brain

Sulci & Gyri



Central line through brain

Central line through brain

Longitudinal fissure

Central Sulcus

Lateral Sulcus

1

1

Olfactory Bulbs

75

75

Olfactory Tract


Frontal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

II

II

Optic Chiasm

Infundibulum


Optic Tract

47 or 49

47 or 49

Mammillary body

Mammillary body

Cerebral Peduncle

Corpora Quadrigemina

Bulbous area at 54

Bulbous area at 54

Pineal Gland

Pineal Gland

Lateral Ventricle

Red area

Red area

Third Ventricle

Green Area

Green Area

Fourth Ventricle

Thalamus

Thalamus

71 & 72

71 & 72

Hypothalamus

Arbor Vitae 

Arbor Vitae

Vermis 

Vermis

Folia



Primary cerebral fissure

Lobes of the cerebellum

Cauda Equina

A

A

Cervical Enlargement of Spinal Cord

B

B

Lumbar Enlargement of Spinal Waco

Conus Medullaris

Filium Terminal

Motor Neuron Nissl Bodies

Axolemma

The middle portion of the axon

The middle portion of the axon

7

7

Axon Hillock

Telodendria



Internodes



Myelin Sheath




Skeletal Muscle Nuclei

Skeletal Muscle Myofibril



Skeletal Muscle Sarcolemma



Neuromuscular Junction Muscle Fibers



Neuromuscular Junction Axon Terminal


Spinal Dura Matter

Outer Layer

Spinal Pia Mater

Innermost Layer

Spinal Arachnoid Mater

Middle webb like layer

Spinal Cord Gray Matter

Middle darker section of the spinal cord

Spinal Cord White Matter

Lighter areas surrounding the gray matter of the spinal cord

7

7

Spinal Cord- Anterior Horn

6

6

Spinal Cord- Lateral Horn

5

5

Spinal Cord- Posterior (dorsal) Horn

14

14

Anterior (ventral) Median Fissure

10

10

Posterior (dorsal) Median Sulcus

25

25

Ventral Root

Small Center Circle

Small Center Circle

Central Canal

23

23

Dorsal Root

24

24

Dorsal Root Ganglion

4

4

Anterior Gray Commissure

Posterior Gray Commissure



Spinal Nerve



Interneuron



Cervical Spinal Nerves C1-C8



Thoracic Spinal Nerves T1-T12



Lumbar Spinal Nerves L1-L5



Sacral Spinal Nerves S1-S5



Coccygeal Nerve Co1