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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ANATOMY
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-study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
-gross or macroscopic -microscopic -developmental |
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(GROSS ANATOMY)
1. REGIONAL 2. SYSTEMIC 3. SURFACE |
1. all structures in one part
of body (ei.abdomen,leg) 2. gross anatomy of the body studied by system 3. study of internal structure as they relate to skin |
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(MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY)
1. CYTOLOGY 2. HISTOLOGY |
1. study of the cell
2. study of tissues |
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(DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY)
1. EMBRYOLOGY |
* traces structural changes throughout life
1. study of developmental changes in the body before life |
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PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
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study of structural changes caused by disease
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RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
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study of internal structures visualized by x-ray
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
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study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level
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PHYSIOLOGY
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*focuses on the FUNCTION of the body, often at a molecular or cellular level
-considers the operation of specific organ systems |
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PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY
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-function always reflects structure
-what a structure can do depends on its specific form |
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
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1.chemical-atoms combined to form molecules
2.cellular-cells are made of molecules 3.tissue-consists of similar cells 4.organ-made up of different types of tissues 5.organ system-consists of different organs that work together 6.organismal-made up of the different organ systems |
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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*largest organ*
-forms external body covering -skin,sweat & oil glands, hair, and nails -protects tissues from injury -SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D |
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
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-bone, cartilage, & ligaments
-protects and supports organs -provides framework for muscle -site of blood cell formation (bone marrow) -stores minerals |
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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3 muscles:skeletal,cardiac,
smooth -composed of muscles & tendons -allows manipulatio of environment, locomotion, and facial expressions -maintains posure -produes heat |
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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-composed of brain, spinal column, and nerves
-is the fast acting control system of the body -responds to stimuli by actvation muscles and glands |
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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-composed of glands that influence metabolic activity
-secretes that maintain body homeostasis over a long period of time -works with nervous system to control other body systems |
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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-composed of heart and blood vessels
-the heart pumps blood -blood vessles transport blood throughtout the body |
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (IMMUNITY)
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-red blood marros, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
-picks up fluid leaked from blood vessles and returns it to blood -disposes of debris in lymphatic system -houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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*exchanges of gases*
-nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs -keeps blood supplid with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide |
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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-oral cavity, espohagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, anus, liver
-breaks down food to absorbable units that enter blood -eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces |
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URINARY SYSTEM
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-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body -regulates water, electrolytes, and pH balance of blood |
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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-prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens
-produce offspring |
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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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-mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
-produce offspring |
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NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS I
1.Maintaing boundries 2.Movement 3.Responsiveness 4.Digestion |
1.internal environment is distinct from the external
cellular level- plasma membranes organismal level- skin 2.locomotion,peristalsis, contractability 3.sense change in environment and respond 4. breakdown indigested foodstuff |
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NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS II
1.Metabolism 2.Excretion 3.Reproduction 4.Growth |
1.all the chemical reactions occur in the body
2.removal of waste from body 3.cellular and organismal cellular-original cell divides and produces 2 identical daughter cells organismal-sperm and egg unite to make person 4.increase in size of body of the organism |
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SURVIVAL NEEDS
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1.Nutrients-chemical substances used for energy and cell building
2.Oxygen- metabolic reaction 3.Water-provides necessary environment for chemical reactions 4.Maintain normal body temp-for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates 5.Atmospheric pressure- for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
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HOMEOSTASIS
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-ability to maintain a stable internal environment
-internal environment of body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium -chemical,thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis |
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HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISM
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1.RECEPTOR-monitors environment & responds to environment
2.CONTROL CENTER-determines the set point at which the variable is maintained 3.EFFECTOR-provides the means to respond to the stimulus |
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK
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-the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimuli
e.i. regulation of blood clotting |
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
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-disturbance of homeostasis or body's normal equilibrium
-overwhelming of negative feedback allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over |
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ANATOMICAL POSITION
1.SUPINATE |
1.body erect,feet slightly apart,palms facing FORWARD, thumbs point away from body
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1.SUPERIOR
2.INFERIOR 3.ANTERIOR 4.POSTERIOR |
1.toward the head
2.away from the head 3.toward front of body 4.toward back of body |
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1.MEDIAL
2.LATERAL 3.INTERMDEIATE |
1.toward the midline
2.away from midline 3.between a more medial and lateral structure |
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1.PROXIMAL
2.DISTAL 3.SUPERFICIAL 4.DEEP |
1.closer to origin of the body
2.farther from origin of body 3.toward the body surface 4.away from body surface |
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1.SAGITTAL
2.MIDSAGITTAL OR MEDIAL 3.FRONTAL OR CORONAL 4.TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL 5.OBLIQUE SECTION |
1.divides body right and left
2.sagital plane lies midline 3.divides anterior/posterior 4.divides superior/inferior 5.cuts made diagonally |
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DORSAL CAVITY PROTECTS NERVOUS SYSTEM
(2 SUBDIVISION) |
1.cranial cavity-in skull encases the brain
2.vertebral cavity-runs withing the vertebral column encases spinal cord *ventral cavity house internal organs (viscera)2 subdivisions:thoracic & abdominopelvic |
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THORACIC CAVITY DIVIDED INTO:
1.PLEURAL CAVITIES 2.MEDIASTINUM 3.PERICARDIAL |
1.each houses a lung
2.contains pericarial cavity & remaining thoracic organs 3.encloses the heart |
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ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY SEPERATED FROM THORACIC CAVITY BY DIAPHRAGM
(2 SUBDIVISIONS) |
1.abdominal cavity-stomach, intestines,spleen,liver,& other organs
2.pelvic cavity-lies within pelvis and contains bladder,reproductive orgnans, and rectum |
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VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES
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1.parietal serosa-lines internal body walls
2.visceral serosa-covers the internal organs 3.serous fluid-seperates the serosae |
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1.ORAL AND DIGESTIVE
2.NASAL 3.ORBITAL 4.MIDDLE EAR 5.SYNOVIAL |
1.mouth and cavities or the digestive organs
2.in & posterior to the nose 3.house the eyes 4.contains bones(ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations 5.joint cavities |
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ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
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-umbilical
-epigastric -hypogastric -right & left iliac or inguinal -right & left lumbar -right & left hypochondriac |
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ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
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-right upper
-left upper -right lower -left lower |