Anatomy And Physiology Final 1

Front 1

Stages of mitosis

Back 1

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 2

Prophase

Back 2

Chromatin condenses to forn chromosomes, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse

Front 3

Metaphase

Back 3

Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and align midway between centrioles

Front 4

Anaphase

Back 4

Chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions, toward centrioles

Front 5

Telophase

Back 5

Chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms, nuclei become visible

Front 6

Cytosol

Back 6

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Front 7

Organelles

Back 7

Tiny solid structures with specific functions in the cell

Front 8

Cytoskeleton

Back 8

A supporting framework of protein rods and tubules

Front 9

Ribosomes

Back 9

Composed of protein and RNA and provide structural support and enzyme activity to line amino acids in protein synthesis

Front 10

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 10

Membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles, tubular transport system

Front 11

Rough ER

Back 11

Contains ribosomes and does protein synthesis

Front 12

Smooth ER

Back 12

No ribosomes and does lipid synthesis

Front 13

T OR F: simple cuboidal epithelial tissue can be described as a single layer of cube-shaped cells that work in secretion and absorption

Back 13

T

Front 14

T OR F: vesicles are membrane boiund sacs that store or transport substances

Back 14

T

Front 15

T OR F: negative feedback can be explained as the response to the change moved the variable in the opposite direction of the deviation from the set point

Back 15

T

Front 16

List 4 body cavities

Back 16

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, dorsal

Front 17

3 types of muscle tissue are

Back 17

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Front 18

Superior

Back 18

Toward the head/above

Front 19

Inferior

Back 19

Toward the feet/below

Front 20

Anterior

Back 20

Toward the front

Front 21

Ventral

Back 21

Toward the front

Front 22

Posterior

Back 22

Toward the back

Front 23

Dorsal

Back 23

Toward the back

Front 24

Medial

Back 24

Toward the midline

Front 25

Lateral

Back 25

Away from the midline

Front 26

Bilateral

Back 26

Paired structures/ on both sides

Front 27

Ipsilateral

Back 27

Same side

Front 28

Contralateral

Back 28

Opposite side

Front 29

Proximal

Back 29

Close to the point of attachment on the trunk

Front 30

Distal

Back 30

Farther from the point of attachment on the trunk

Front 31

Superficial

Back 31

Closer to the body surface

Front 32

Deep

Back 32

More internal

Front 33

Sinistrolateral

Back 33

Left side

Front 34

Dextrolateral

Back 34

Right side

Front 35

Plantar

Back 35

Bottom of foot

Front 36

Volar

Back 36

Palm of hand

Front 37

T OR F: lysosomes are small membranous sacs that contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, and worn out cell parts; cell garbage disposals

Back 37

True

Front 38

Define anatomical position

Back 38

Erect, facing forward, palms and feet forward, arms out

Front 39

T OR F: squamous cells can be describes as tall and column shaped

Back 39

F

Front 40

Define endocytosis

Back 40

Movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle; substances that are too large to enter by other methods

Front 41

Anatomy

Back 41

Study of the stucture of the body

Front 42

Physiology

Back 42

Study of the function of the body

Front 43

Areolar connective tissue

Back 43

Forms thin, delicate membranes

Front 44

Adipose tissue

Back 44

Fat stored by adipocytes to help cushion and insulate

Front 45

Reticular tissue

Back 45

Composed of thin reticular fibers that supports the walls of internal organs

Front 46

Cartilage

Back 46

A rigid framework that supports, protects, and is used for attachment sites

Front 47

Diffusion

Back 47

Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations

Front 48

Define homeostasis

Back 48

Maintain a stable internal environment

Front 49

Tight junctions

Back 49

Membranes between cells merge and fuse

Front 50

Desmosomes

Back 50

Form "spot welds" between cells

Front 51

Gap junctions

Back 51

Tubular channels between cells

Front 52

Two types of bone are

Back 52

Spongy. Compact.

Front 53

Hyaline cartilage

Back 53

Consists of fine collagen fibers and is located at the ends of bones in joints

Front 54

Elastic cartilage

Back 54

Flexible and elastic

Front 55

Fibrocartilage

Back 55

Very tough and it is a shock absorber

Front 56

Bone

Back 56

Most rigid type of connective tissue composed of mineral salts and collagen

Front 57

Blood

Back 57

Cells suspended in plasma

Front 58

Apoptosis

Back 58

Programmed cell death

Front 59

Necrosis

Back 59

Cell death from damage or disease

Front 60

[Blank] glands secrete into tissue fluid or blood and [blank] glands secrete into ducts that open onto the surface

Back 60

1. Endocrine 2. Exocrine

Front 61

T OR F: grandular epithelium is composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

Back 61

T

Front 62

What is cytoplasm

Back 62

Networks of membranes and organelles suspended in cytosol

Front 63

9 regions of the abdomin

Back 63

Row 1: 1. Right hypo... 2. Epigastric 3. Left hypoc... Row 2: 1. Right lateral 2. Umbilical 3. Left lateral. Row 3: 1. right ingui.. 2. Pubic region. 3. Left inguin

Front 64

Simple columnar tissue

Back 64

Single layer of elongated cells w the nuclei near the base of the cell that work w secretion and absorption

Front 65

Skeletal muscle

Back 65

Attached to bones, striated, voluntary

Front 66

Smooth muscle

Back 66

Non striated, involuntary, and spindle shaped

Front 67

Cardiac muscle

Back 67

Only found in heart, involuntary, striated

Front 68

Nervous tissue

Back 68

Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves to communicate w body

Front 69

T OR F: pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue can be described as single layered, but appears layers w nuclei at two or more levels and deal w protection from infection

Back 69

T

Front 70

Histology

Back 70

Study of tissues

Front 71

T OR F: the golgi apparatus are membrane bound fluid filled sacs that use chemical reactions to produce ATP

Back 71

F

Front 72

Mitosis

Back 72

Division of the nucleus

Front 73

Cyokinesis

Back 73

Division of the cytoplasm

Front 74

Which type of tissue is the most abundant in the body?

Back 74

Connective

Front 75

Stratified columnar tissue

Back 75

Top layer of elongated cells with cubed shaped cells in deeper levels

Front 76

Cervical

Back 76

7

Front 77

Thoracic

Back 77

12

Front 78

Lumbar

Back 78

5

Front 79

Sacrum

Back 79

5 fused

Front 80

Coccyx

Back 80

3-5 fused

Front 81

Pairs of ribs

Back 81

12

Front 82

True ribs

Back 82

7

Front 83

False ribs

Back 83

3

Front 84

Floating ribs

Back 84

2

Front 85

Type of synovial: shoulder

Back 85

Ball and socket

Front 86

Type of synovial: elbow

Back 86

Hinge

Front 87

Type of synovial: hip

Back 87

Ball and socket

Front 88

The sarcomere is comprised of 1. [blank] (thick filaments) and 2.[blank] (thin filaments). You can measure the length of a sarcomere from 3.[blank] to 4.[blank]. The 5.[blank] surrounds the sarcomere and stores 6.[blank]. The two "chaperone" proteins, located on the 7.[blank], are 8.[blank] and 9.[blank]. 10.[blank] is released and attaches to 11.[blank]. This bonding moves the "chaperones" and exposes the 12.[blank]. Next, 13.[blank] is released and attaches to the 14.[blank] of the myosin filament. This bond allows movement of the head and is attached to 15.[blank]. The myosin pulls the actin toward the center of the 16.[blank]. One the myosin head has pulled the actin as far as it can, ATP attaches to the 17.[blank] of the 18.[blank]. Then calcium is released back into the 19.[blank]. This allows the muscle to relax.

Back 88

1. Myosin

2. Actin

3. Z disk

4. Z disk

5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

6. Calcium

7. Actin

8. Tropomyosin

9. Troponin

10. Calcium

11. Troponin

12. Actin

13. ATP

14. Head

15. Actin

16. Sarcomere

17. Head

18. Myosin

19. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 89

Which layer is the thick layer of skin?

Back 89

Dermis

Front 90

What type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

Back 90

Stratified squamous

Front 91

Skin is not an accessory organ of the integumentary system

Back 91

True

Front 92

Cubed is not a shape classification of bone

Back 92

True

Front 93

Bones that make up the thoracic cage

Back 93

Thoracic vertebrae, costals, sternum

Front 94

3 structural classifications of joints

Back 94

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Front 95

3 functional classifications of joints

Back 95

Amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic, synarthrotic

Front 96

Things that affect bone development, growth, and repair?

Back 96

1. vitamins

2. hormones

3. physical stress

Front 97

Agonist

Back 97

muscle that causes action

Front 98

Synergist

Back 98

muscles that assist agonist/ prime mover

Front 99

stratum lucidum contains the langerhans cells

Back 99

False

Front 100

The amount of Melanin produced determines hair color

Back 100

true

Front 101

osteocytes are mature bone cells

Back 101

true

Front 102

Osteoblasts break down bone and osteoclasts build bone

Back 102

false

Front 103

red bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity and it stores fat

Back 103

false

Front 104

3 parts of the sternum

Back 104

manubrium, body, xiphoid

Front 105

the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicles, scapulae, and sternum

Back 105

false

Front 106

The purpose of the patella is to act as a lever for movements in the lower limbs

Back 106

true

Front 107

the purpose of the talus is so the foot can pivot up and down

Back 107

true

Front 108

myosin is the thick filament and actin is the thin filament

Back 108

true

Front 109

Keratin

Back 109

tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in the cells

Front 110

Melanocytes

Back 110

Located in the stratum basale produce the dark pigment melanin

Front 111

Dermal Papillae

Back 111

fingerprints

Front 112

Pacinian corpuscles

Back 112

detect pressure

Front 113

meissner's corpuscles

Back 113

Light tough

Front 114

Lunula

Back 114

pale, half moon shaped region at base of nail plate

Front 115

Eccrine

Back 115

respond to elevated body temperature, located everywhere on the body

Front 116

apocrine

Back 116

axillary and groin areas, respond to emotions and pain

Front 117

epiphysis

Back 117

expanded ends of the bone

Front 118

metaphysis

Back 118

between the diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part

Front 119

Periosteum

Back 119

encloses bones; dense connective tissue

Front 120

endosteum

Back 120

line spaces, cavity

Front 121

articular cartilage

Back 121

covers epiphysis

Front 122

trabeculae

Back 122

branching bony plates, makes up spongy bone

Front 123

hematopoeisis

Back 123

blood cell formation

Front 124

cervical vertebrae

Back 124

smallest vertebrae

Front 125

thoracic vertebrae

Back 125

articulates with the ribs

Front 126

lumbar vertebrae

Back 126

weight bearing vertebrae

Front 127

scoliosis

Back 127

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Front 128

Fibrous Joints

Back 128

held together with dense connective tissue containing collagen fibers

Front 129

Syndesmosis Joints

Back 129

Bones bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue

Front 130

Suture Joint

Back 130

thin layer of connective tissue [sutural ligament] connects bones

Front 131

Gomphosis joints

Back 131

Cone shaped bony process in a socket in jawbone

Front 132

Cartilaginous joints

Back 132

connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Front 133

Synchondrosis joints

Back 133

bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones

Front 134

Symphysis joints

Back 134

pad of fibrocartilage between bones

Front 135

Synovial

Back 135

articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones

Front 136

Ball and socket joints

Back 136

round head in cup shaped cavity

Front 137

Condylar joints

Back 137

oval condyle fits into elliptical cavity

Front 138

Plane Joints

Back 138

almost flat, or slightly curved

Front 139

Hinge Joints

Back 139

convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone

Front 140

Pivot joints

Back 140

Cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone

Front 141

Saddle Joints

Back 141

both bones have concave and convex surfaces

Front 142

abduction

Back 142

moving a body part away from the midline

Front 143

adduction

Back 143

moving a body part toward the midline

Front 144

hyperextension

Back 144

straightening a joint beyond its normal range of motion

Front 145

Circumduction

Back 145

moving a body part in a circular motion

Front 146

medial/internal rotation

Back 146

turning of a bone inward toward the midline

Front 147

lateral/external rotation

Back 147

turning of a bone outward away from the midline

Front 148

Protraction

Back 148

moving a body part anteriorly

Front 149

retraction

Back 149

moving a body part posteriorly

Front 150

elevation

Back 150

lifting a body part

Front 151

depression

Back 151

lowering a body part

Front 152

Order of the skin layers

Back 152

1. Stratum corneum

2. Stratum Lucidum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5. stratum basale

Front 153

3 functions of the skin

Back 153

1. keep body together, structure

2. absorb vitamin d

3. protection

Front 154

4 functions of bone

Back 154

1. make blood cells

2. structure

3. protection

4. movement

Front 155

two divisions of the skeletal system

Back 155

axial, appendicular

Front 156

secondary names for c1 and c2 and explain the importance

Back 156

c1 [atlas]

c2 [axis]

explains how our head rotate and how we understand it

Front 157

list the 8 carpal bones

Back 157

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Front 158

origin

Back 158

relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle

Front 159

insertion

Back 159

more moveable end of a skeletal muscle

Front 160

motor unit

Back 160

motor neurons and everything it controls

Front 161

Concentric contraction

Back 161

muscle shortening when contracting

Front 162

eccentric contraction

Back 162

muscle lengthening when contracting

Front 163

Isotonic

Back 163

muscle contracts and changes length; equal force

Front 164

Isometric

Back 164

Muscle contracts but does not change length; change in force

Front 165

4 characteristics of blood

Back 165

1. type of connective tissue in liquid matrix

2. transports vital substances

3. distributes heat

4. maintain stability of interstitial fluid

Front 166

what are the formed elements in blood

Back 166

platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

Front 167

hematocrit

Back 167

percentage of red blood cells

Front 168

characteristics of red blood cells

Back 168

1. biconcave disc shape

2. 1/3 hemoglobin

3. lack nuclei and mitochondria

4. can't divide

Front 169

Erythropoiesis

Back 169

red blood cell production

occurs in red bone marrow

Front 170

anemia

Back 170

condition in which the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

Front 171

8 steps in the life cycle of a red blood cell

Back 171

1. small intestine absorbs nutrients

2. blood transports absorbed nutrients

3. RBCs are produced in red bone marrow

4. RBCs circulate in the bloodstream for 120 days

5. macrophages phagocytize and break down old RBCs

6. hepatocytes break down hemoglobin

7. iron is recycled via bloodstream; biliverdin and bilirubin are secreted in bile

8. bile is secreted into small intestine

Front 172

Characteristics of white blood cells

Back 172

1. protect against disease

2. WBCs are produced in red bone marrow

Front 173

two categories of white blood cells

Back 173

1. granulocytes [ have granular cytoplasm, short life span]

2. agranulocytes [ do not have noticeable granules]

Front 174

3 types of granulocytes

Back 174

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Front 175

2 types of agranulocytes

Back 175

lymphocytes, monocytes

Front 176

Leukocytosis

Back 176

high white blood cell count

Front 177

Leukopenia

Back 177

low white blood cell count

Front 178

Blood does not carry inorganic salts

Back 178

true

Front 179

phagocytosis

Back 179

the process of engulfing and digestion of pathogens

Front 180

Plasma

Back 180

1. clear, straw colored

2. liquid portion of blood

3. 55 percent of blood volume

4. 92 percent water

Front 181

This type of cell helps in hemostasis [stoppage of bleeding] in damages blood vessels, by sticking to broken surface

Back 181

platelets

Front 182

neutrophils

Back 182

first to arrive at infection site

Front 183

eosinophils

Back 183

moderate allergic reactions

Front 184

basophils

Back 184

release histamine to stimulate inflammation and release heparin to stop blood from clotting

Front 185

monocytes

Back 185

largest of the white blood cells and they leave blood stream to become macrophages

Front 186

lymphocytes

Back 186

smallest white blood cells; t cells and B cells are major types