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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the anatomical position
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feet spread, standing, palms and face forward with arms out to the side
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What is the "standard reference"
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Anatomical position
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Name four planes of the body
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Oblique plane, frontal or coronal planes, transverse plane (cross section), sagittal or medial plane
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Describe the sagittal plane
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Divides the body into right and left halves
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Describe the median plane
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Divides the body into right and left halves
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Describe the frontal plane
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Divides the body into front and back, or anterior/posterior
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Describe a plane that divides the body into anterior/posterior
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Frontal Plane
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Describe a plane that divides the body into left and right
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Sagittal or median
Midsagittal means divided at the mid line |
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Describe the transverse plane
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Cross section of the body, axis parallel to the ground, creates a superior and an inferior section
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Describe a plane that divides the body into top part and bottom part (cross section)
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Transverse plane, creates superior and inferior sections
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What does oblique mean?
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At an angle
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Describe axial and appendicular regions
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Axial includes head and vertebral column, appendicular means something that is hanging on to or attached to something else. ie appendix is hanging on to the intestines.
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Name the Major and Minor cavities
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Major:
Posterior aspect: vertebral canal, cranial Anterior aspect: abdominal, pelvic (abdominopelvic), thoracic (includes pleural and pericardial) Minor: Nasal, orbital, Synovial, middle ear |
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What does ventral mean?
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Toward the belly
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What is special about ventral cavities?
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They are lined with a serous membrane
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What is the membrane that lines the ventral cavities?
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Serous membrane
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What is the purpose of the serous membrane?
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Lubrication, to prevent friction between the organs and the inside walls of the cavity.
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Serous means what?
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A thin, watery fluid is being secreted by the membrane
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Anatomy
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- The study of structure and form
- Comes from the Greek word anatome, which means to cut apart or dissect |
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The study of structure and form
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Anatomy
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Anatomists
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- Scientists who study the structure and form of organisms
- They examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs |
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Scientists who study the structure and form of organisms
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Anatomists
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Physiology
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The study of function of the body parts
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Physiologists
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Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their functioning may be altered via medication or disease
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The study of function of the body parts
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Physiology
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Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their functioning may be altered via medication or disease
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Physiologists
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Anatomic Position
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standard reference or point of common reference
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Anatomic Position
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An individual in the anatomic position stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly (toward the front); the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer
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An individual that stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly (toward the front); the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer
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Anatomic Position
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standard reference or point of common reference for the human body
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Anatomic Position
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anterior
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in front of; toward the front surface
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in front of; toward the front surface
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anterior
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posterior
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in back of; toward the back surface
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in back of; toward the back surface
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posterior
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dorsal
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at the back side of the human body
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at the back side of the human body
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dorsal
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ventral
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at the belly side of the human body
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at the belly side of the human body
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ventral
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superior
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closer to the head
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closer to the head
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superior
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inferior
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closer to the feet
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closer to the feet
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inferior
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cranial
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at the head end
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at the head end
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cranial
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caudal
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at the rear or tail end
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at the rear or tail end
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caudal
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rostral
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toward the nose or mouth
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toward the nose or mouth
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rostral
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medial
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toward the midline of the body
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toward the midline of the body
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medial
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lateral
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away from the midline of the body
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away from the midline of the body
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lateral
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deep
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on the inside, internal to another structure
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on the inside, internal to another structure
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deep
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superficial
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on the outside
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on the outside
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superficial
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proximal
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closest point of attachment to trunk
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closest point of attachment to trunk
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proximal
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distal
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furthest point of attachment to trunk
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furthest point of attachment to trunk
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distal
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who is going to pass anatomy?
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Angie and Kayla
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Section
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implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy
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implies an actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy
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Section
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Plane
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implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
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implies an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
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Plane
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midsagittal plane or median plane
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Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right halves
Only one midsagittal plane |
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sagittal plane
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A plane that is parallel to the Midsagittal plane, but either to the left or right of the midsagittal plane
will not create equal halves an infinite number of sagittal planes are possible |
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A plane that is parallel to the Midsagittal plane, but either to the left or right of the midsagittal plane
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sagittal plane
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Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right halves
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midsagittal plane or median plane
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coronal plane or frontal plane
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- Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts
- The anterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains the back and buttocks |
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- Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts
- The anterior portion contains the chest and the posterior portion contains the back and buttocks |
coronal plane or frontal plane
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transverse plane
horizontal plane cross-sectional plane |
Divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
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Divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
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transverse plane
horizontal plane cross-sectional plane |
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oblique plane
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Numerous minor planes that pass through a structure at an angle
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Numerous minor planes that pass through a structure at an angle
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oblique plane
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The human body is partitioned into two main regions:
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axial region and appendicular region
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Axial region
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- Includes the head, neck and trunk (cranial cavity and vertebral canal)
- It forms the main vertical axis of the body |
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- Includes the head, neck and trunk (cranial cavity and vertebral canal)
- It forms the main vertical axis of the body |
Axial region
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Appendicular region
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- Composed of the upper and lower limbs, which attach to the axial region
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- Composed of the upper and lower limbs, which attach to the axial region
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Appendicular region
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Posterior aspect is subdivided into two enclosed cavities that are completely encased in bone:
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cranial cavity and vertebral canal
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cranial cavity
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- Formed by the bones of the cranium
- Houses the brain |
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- Formed by the bones of the cranium
- Houses the brain |
cranial cavity
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vertebral canal
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- Formed by bones of the vertebral column
- Houses the spinal cord |
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- Formed by bones of the vertebral column
- Houses the spinal cord |
vertebral canal
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Posterior aspect
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subdivided into two enclosed cavities that are completely encased in bone
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subdivided into two enclosed cavities that are completely encased in bone
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Posterior aspect
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ventral cavity
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the larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body and the subdivisions do not completely encase their organs in bone
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the larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body and the subdivisions do not completely encase their organs in bone
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ventral cavity
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ventral
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towards the belly or anterior
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towards the belly or anterior
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ventral
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The ventral cavity is partitioned by the diaphragm into a superior cavity and an inferior cavity
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a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity
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the abdominopelvic cavity can be split into two cavities
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Abdominal cavity and Pelvic cavity
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Minor cavities include
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Nasal cavity
Orbital cavity Synaial cavity Middle ear cavity |
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Nasal cavity
Orbital cavity Synaial cavity Middle ear cavity |
Minor cavities
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Serous fluid
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thin, watery fluid secreted by the membrane that serves as a lubricant and decreases friction
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Parietal layer of the serous membrane
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lines the internal surface of the body wall
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What layer of the serous membrane lines the internal surface of the body wall
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Parietal layer
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Visceral layer of the serous membrane
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covers the external surface of the organs
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What layer of the serous membrane covers the external surface of the organs
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visceral layer
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viscera = ________
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organ
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medius = _________
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middle
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peri = ____________
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around
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kardia = __________
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heart
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pleura = __________
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a rib
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peritoneum = _________
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to stretch over
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abdominopelvic quadrants
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RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
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umbilical = _________
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navel
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epi = ___________
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above
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gaster = _________
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belly
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hypo = ________
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under
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chondr = __________
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cartilage
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eileo = _________
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to twist
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Homeostasis
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about the same, non-changing state
Refers to the body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions |
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Components of Homeostasis
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receptor, control center, effector
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Receptor
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is the body structure that detects changes in a variable, which is either the substance or process that is regulated
A receptor typically consists of sensory nerves The change in the variable is the stimulus |
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Control Center
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is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector
Ex. brain, spinal cord, endocrine system The control center is sometimes the same structure as the receptor because it both detects the stimulus and causes a response to regulate it. |
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effector
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is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus
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Homeostatic control mechanism
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1. Stimulus
2. Receptor detects stimulus 3. Receptor sends information to control center 4. Control center integrates input and initiates change through the effector 5. Control center sends output 6. Effector brings about change to the stimulus 7. HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED |
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Perturbation
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change away from baseline
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Homeostatic control systems can be ___ or _____ feedback
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negative or positive
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Most processes in the body are controlled by _____ feedback
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negative
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negative feedback
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- Negative feedback = the resulting action will always be in the opposite direction of the stimulus)
- Negative feedback = back to baseline Ex. Temperature regulation Ex. Pancreas release of insulin in response to an increase in blood glucose |
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Positive feedback
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Positive feedback = more of the same behavior
Ex. When a mother breast-feeds her baby Ex. Childbirth: head to the cervix, oxytocin, uterine contraction |
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK IS EMBEDDED WITHIN AN OVERALL NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
true or false |
true
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